Innovative Research in Applied, Biological and Chemical Sciences
Journal Name: Innovative Research in Applied, Biological, and Chemical Sciences Journal Abbreviation: IRABCS ISSN: 3005-8449 Description: The IRABCS is a biannual, open-access, double-blind peer-reviewed journal committed to advancing high-quality interdisciplinary research. The journal believes that a holistic understanding of life processes requires integrating applied, biological, and chemical sciences, enabling the exploration of complex challenges across medicine, environmental science, biotechnology, and related fields. By harnessing the strengths of multiple scientific disciplines, IRABCS promotes innovative and comprehensive solutions to contemporary scientific problems. It encourages global collaboration while placing particular emphasis on supporting contributions from researchers in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. The journal’s primary aims and objectives are to foster interdisciplinary research; facilitate regional and international knowledge exchange; uphold rigorous scientific and ethical standards through a robust peer-review process; enhance open access to scientific findings; promote cross-disciplinary partnerships; and highlight emerging trends that contribute to the advancement of modern science. Submit your manuscript through the online submission system. For inquiries, please reach out to the editor at editor@irabcs.com. Google Scholar estimated Impact Factor: 0.189 Publication Frequency: Biannual (June and December) Forthcoming Issue / Early View: Accepted articles are published online in their original, unedited manuscript form within a few days of acceptance, subject to completion of all required publication formalities, including confirmation of applicable publication charges. This Early View version enables rapid dissemination of research and is later replaced by the final Version of Record after copyediting, typesetting, and author proof corrections are completed. Copyediting and Proofs: All manuscripts accepted for publication in the Innovative Research in Applied, Biological, and Chemical Sciences (IRABCS) Journal undergo essential copyediting and proofreading to ensure accuracy, clarity, and consistency in grammar, spelling, and style. Authors may choose to use external language-editing services prior to submission at their own discretion; however, the use of such services is neither mandatory nor a guarantee of peer review or acceptance. Proof Review Process: The corresponding author receives a secure link to access the article proofs and must carefully review and respond to editorial queries within 48 hours to avoid publication delays. Corrections to text and tables should be entered directly in the proofing system, while changes to figures are discouraged but may be indicated through comments; substantial alterations beyond the correction of production errors may require editorial approval and could delay publication, and revised proofs are not routinely resent unless exceptional circumstances apply. Digital Object Identifier (DOI): Each published article is assigned a unique DOI, which appears on the article’s title page and serves as a permanent and reliable reference for citation and online identification before formal assignment to a specific volume or issue. For further information regarding DOI registration, authors may contact editor@irabcs.com License and Copyright: All articles published in the IRABCS Journal are distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution–NonCommercial–NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0) License, which permits non-commercial use and redistribution of the work with proper credit to the original authors, provided the material is not altered or adapted. Proper attribution must include the statement, “The final, published version of this article is available via DOI: [insert DOI],” and any commercial reuse requires prior written permission from the publisher. Contact Information: Should you have any problems with your submission, please contact the editorial office: Editorial Office, Innovative Research Journals, 1st Floor City Center Plaza, Kohat Development Authority, Kohat (26000), KPK, Pakistan (editor@irjpl.org).
Innovative Research Journals | https://irjpl.org
Authors retain copyright to their work published in the IRABCS journal under the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial No Derivatives License (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0).
Design of a Sustainable Whey–Corn Hybrid Protein Powder for Enhanced Nutrition, Functionality, and Environmental Stewardship
The escalating global protein demand and the environmental burden of conventional animal-based production necessitate the development of sustainable and nutritionally balanced alternatives. This review explores the design of a novel hybrid protein powder integrating whey protein—renowned for its superior bioavailability and leucine richness—with corn protein, a sustainable plant-based source possessing the highest leucine concentration among cereals. The innovation lies in employing physical, chemical, and enzymatic crosslinking techniques to form a unified protein matrix with enhanced solubility, stability, and bioactivity, thereby overcoming the intrinsic limitations of individual proteins. The paper critically examines the nutritional rationale underpinning this combination, emphasizing essential and branched-chain amino acids vital for muscle metabolism. It further outlines the extraction and formulation methodologies for both whey and corn proteins, detailing strategies for achieving optimal functional and sensory properties. By merging the anabolic potency of whey with the sustainability and affordability of corn, this hybrid system offers a versatile and eco-efficient ingredient suitable for beverages, bakery products, and fortified foods. Overall, this work highlights hybrid protein technology as a promising pathway toward sustainable protein innovation and future global food security.
Copyright (c) 2025 Authors https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Chemistry Perspectives on Optimizing Drug Combinations in Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis Patients
Background: Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) poses a major global health challenge, requiring optimized drug combinations to improve outcomes. Objective: To evaluate pharmacological and pharmaceutical chemistry perspectives in optimizing MDR-TB regimens, focusing on therapeutic effectiveness, resistance reduction, and clinical outcomes. Methodology: A prospective observational study was conducted at Bumrungrad International Hospital, Thailand, in collaboration with Prince of Songkla University from January 2022 to December 2023. A total of 406 confirmed MDR-TB patients were enrolled. Data included demographics, comorbidities, therapeutic drug monitoring, pharmaceutical chemistry profiling, in vitro drug–drug interaction assays, and clinical outcomes. Statistical analyses included chi-square, t-tests, and multivariate logistic regression. Results: Of 406 patients, 243 (59.85%) were male and 163 (40.15%) female. Diabetes mellitus (21.92%) and HIV co-infection (6.65%) were significantly associated with poor outcomes (p < 0.001). Therapeutic drug monitoring showed optimal levofloxacin and bedaquiline levels in 73.40% and 79.80% of patients, respectively, both significantly linked to treatment success (p = 0.020 and p = 0.010). In vitro assays revealed synergy for levofloxacin–linezolid (62.81%) and linezolid–bedaquiline (57.14%). At six months, sputum culture conversion reached 84.00%, with overall treatment success in 78.82% (320/406). Early culture conversion (AOR 3.24, p < 0.001), absence of diabetes (AOR 2.11, p = 0.001), and adequate levofloxacin exposure (AOR 1.89, p = 0.004) were independent predictors of success. Adverse drug reactions occurred in 220 patients (54.19%), mostly gastrointestinal (21.18%) and neuropathy (12.81%), but only 3.45% required permanent drug withdrawal. Conclusion: Integrating pharmacological monitoring and pharmaceutical chemistry insights enhances regimen optimization and improves MDR-TB treatment outcomes.
Copyright (c) 2025 Iffat Ullah, Abdul Rauf , Pooja Chapagai (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
The Environmental Paradox of Nano bioinoculants: Balancing Agricultural Benefits Against Ecosystem Risks
Nanobioinoculants represent a groundbreaking innovation in sustainable agriculture, combining nanotechnology with microbial inoculants to enhance crop productivity, nutrient efficiency, and climate resilience. While these advanced formulations offer transformative benefits such as targeted nutrient delivery, reduced chemical dependency, and improved stress tolerance, their environmental safety remains a critical concern. This paper examines the dualistic nature of nanobioinoculants, balancing their agricultural advantages against potential ecological risks, including nanoparticle toxicity, soil microbiome disruption, and trophic transfer. We analyze current regulatory gaps and propose strategies for sustainable adoption, emphasizing eco-design principles, tiered risk assessment, and integrated policy frameworks. By advocating a Safe-by-Design approach, this work aims to guide responsible innovation, ensuring that nanobioinoculants contribute to food security without compromising ecosystem health.
Repurposing Prescription Medications for Alzheimer's Disease Treatment: Mechanisms, Evidence, and Clinical Implications, a Narrative Review
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia worldwide, with prevalence growing alongside life expectancy. The burden of disease on healthcare systems globally is on the rise, as current treatments have failed to mitigate its morbidity, and this remains a dire public health concern. AD is characterized by the hallmarks of β-amyloid plaque deposition and neurofibrillary tangles of hyperphosphorylated tau proteins. Clinical diagnosis relies on clinical presentation and a series of testable criteria. Current treatments primarily focus on symptom management, while trials are underway to develop pharmaceuticals that may reduce the production of amyloid plaques and tau proteins. Alternatives include the repurposing of drugs already on market for treatment of other diseases such as diabetes, hypertension, inflammation, depression, epilepsy, and hypercholesterolemia. Due to their approved use in the management of other diseases, already licensed compounds proceed through trials in a faster and more cost-effective manner than un-licensed compounds. The aim of this paper is to draw attention to already-licensed compounds currently on the market that may prove effective in treating Alzheimer’s disease.
Copyright (c) 2025 Natasha Elaine Hastings (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Penile Thread Tourniquet Syndrome: A Case Report and Review of Age-Related Variability
Penile Thread Tourniquet Syndrome (PTTS), a rare variant of Penile Tourniquet Syndrome (PTS), is a paediatric urological emergency characterized by external constriction of penis by hair or thread, often leading to necrosis, ischemia, and oedema. A urethro-cutaneous fistula, urethral transection, and penile amputation are possible outcomes of this disorder if left untreated. Though commonly reported in infants, this case details a rare occurrence in a 10-year-old male. A circumferential thread at the penoscrotal junction caused localized infection and oedema without urethral damage. Surgical intervention and conservative management resulted in a favourable outcome. This case emphasizes the need for clinical vigilance in atypical age groups and for rare causes of penile injury.
Copyright (c) 2025 Dr. Sadaqat Ullah, Dr. Jawad Khan, Dr. Attia Mahmood, Dr. Asifa Irfan, Dr. Aisha Habib (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Early Diagnostic Utility of Genexpert for the Detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Background: Tuberculosis (TB) remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, necessitating accurate and rapid diagnostic methods to improve early detection and treatment outcomes. Objective: To evaluate the diagnostic performance of the GeneXpert MTB/RIF assay compared with sputum smear microscopy in suspected pulmonary TB patients. Methodology: This was a descriptive, cross-sectional study conducted over a period of six months (January to June 2024) at THQ Hospital Jand, District Attock. This cross-sectional study was conducted on 150 patients with suspected pulmonary TB. Demographic and clinical data were recorded, and all participants underwent sputum smear microscopy and GeneXpert MTB/RIF testing. Smear microscopy was used as the reference standard to evaluate diagnostic performance in terms of sensitivity, specificity, predictive values, likelihood ratios, and accuracy. SPSS version 20 was used to analyze the data. Relationships between continuous variables were ascertained using the Pearson correlation coefficient. P-values less than 0.05 were deemed statistically significant. Results: The mean age of participants was 36.40 ± 17.12 years, with 74 (49.33%) males and 76 (50.67%) females. Most patients resided in rural areas (111; 74.0%) and were married (107; 71.33%), with farmers constituting the largest occupational group (94; 62.67%). Common symptoms included fatigue (140; 93.33%), chest pain (139; 92.67%), unintentional weight loss (137; 91.33%), and coughing up mucus or blood (117; 78.0%). GeneXpert detected TB in 123 (82.0%) patients compared to 85 (56.67%) by smear microscopy. Among smear-negative patients, GeneXpert identified 43 additional cases. The assay showed moderate diagnostic performance with strong agreement with smear microscopy. Conclusion: GeneXpert MTB/RIF assay offers a rapid and more sensitive alternative to smear microscopy, particularly beneficial for detecting smear-negative TB cases, thereby improving case detection in high-burden settings.
Copyright (c) 2025 Dr. Usman Aslam, Dr. Muhammad Shams ul Haq, Dr. Muhammad Yousuf, Dr. Aleena Batool, Dr. Usman Ali, Dr. Komal Zaman, Dr. Syed Muhammad Asif Shah (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Clinical Outcomes of CRISPR-Cas9 Mediated Gene Editing in Patients with Sickle Cell Disease: A Biotechnology-Based Therapeutic Approach
Introduction: Sickle cell disease (SCD) is a severe monogenic disorder with limited curative options beyond allogeneic stem cell transplantation. Objective: To evaluate the clinical efficacy and safety of CRISPR-Cas9 mediated gene editing in patients with SCD undergoing autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Methodology: This prospective, single-arm, open-label interventional clinical trial was conducted at the Department of Hematology and Clinical Biotechnology, The University of Lahore, in collaboration with the National Institute for Genomics & Advanced Biotechnology (NIGAB), a division of the National Agricultural Research Centre (NARC), Islamabad, from April 2022 to March 2024. A total of 42 patients aged 12–40 years with homozygous SCD underwent autologous transplantation following CRISPR-Cas9 mediated editing of either the HBB gene or BCL11A erythroid enhancer. Clinical, hematologic, molecular, and immunologic outcomes were assessed at baseline, 12 months, and 24 months. Data analysis included paired t-tests and repeated measures ANOVA. Results: The mean editing efficiency was 62.35% ± 9.42%. Hemoglobin levels improved from 7.42 ± 1.12 g/dL at baseline to 11.23 ± 1.07 g/dL at 24 months (p < 0.001), and reticulocyte counts decreased from 10.18 ± 2.45% to 3.94 ± 1.19% (p < 0.001). At 24 months, 92.31% achieved transfusion independence, 84.62% had a ≥90% reduction in vaso-occlusive crises, and 76.92% entered clinical remission. HbF levels >20% were maintained in 87.18% of patients, and sustained gene expression was observed in 94.87%. Multilineage hematopoietic reconstitution was confirmed via flow cytometry. No serious adverse events or deaths occurred during follow-up. Conclusion: CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing shows high efficacy, safety, and potential as a transformative therapy for SCD.
Copyright (c) 2025 Zahid Mehboob, Muhammad Hashim Raza, Mahwish Riaz, Umm E Habiba (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Assessing the Role of MC4R Gene Variants and Dietary Habits in the Development of Obesity among Adolescents
Introduction: Obesity among adolescents is a growing public health concern, influenced by both genetic predispositions and modifiable lifestyle factors such as diet. Objective: To assess the association between MC4R gene variants and dietary habits in the development of obesity among adolescents in Pakistan. Hypothesis: This study hypothesizes that the C allele of MC4R rs17782313 and unhealthy dietary habits may interact to increase the risk of obesity among adolescents. Methodology: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted from November 2023 to October 2024 at Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, including 260 adolescents aged 12–18 years. Convenience sampling was employed. Anthropometric data were collected, and body mass index (BMI) was calculated using WHO growth reference standards. Dietary patterns were assessed using a validated food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). The FFQ was pilot tested and adapted to the local population. Trained personnel collected anthropometric measurements using standardized protocols to minimize inter-observer variability. Saliva samples were genotyped for MC4R rs17782313 polymorphism using PCR-based methods at the Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, Lahore. Laboratory staff were blinded to participants’ obesity status. Genotyping call rates were 98.8%, and the genotype distribution was tested for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (p = 0.47). Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 26.0. Results: Of the 260 participants, 18.46% (n = 48) were obese and 21.54% (n = 56) were overweight. Genotypic distribution revealed 56.92% (n = 148) with TT, 30.00% (n = 78) with TC, and 13.08% (n = 34) with CC genotype. Obesity was present in 12.16% of TT, 25.64% of TC, and 29.41% of CC genotypes (p = 0.004). High fast food consumption (≥3 times/week) and daily intake of sugar-sweetened beverages were significantly associated with obesity (p < 0.01). Multivariate logistic regression adjusted for socioeconomic status, sleep duration, and screen time showed CC genotype (OR = 3.08), high fast food intake (OR = 2.97), and low physical activity (OR = 1.79) as independent predictors. The model fit was acceptable (Hosmer–Lemeshow p = 0.65; Nagelkerke R² = 0.38). Gene-diet interaction was tested using an interaction term in the logistic model. Conclusion: MC4R gene variants were associated with increased obesity prevalence in adolescents, especially in the presence of unhealthy dietary habits. Due to the cross-sectional nature of this study, causality cannot be inferred. Future prospective cohort studies are recommended to establish temporal relationships and validate these associations. These findings support the integration of genetic and lifestyle risk assessments for targeted obesity prevention strategies in youth.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ahmad Faraz, Muhammad Saqib Khan, Tipu Sultan Haider, Hafsa Khalil (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Luspatercept (REBLOZYL): A Game-Changer in Reducing Transfusion Burden for β-Thalassemia Patients
β-thalassemia is an inherited hemoglobinopathy with faulty β-globin chain production, leading to ineffective erythropoiesis and transfusion dependence in severe forms. Transfusion-dependent β-thalassemia (TDT) has been linked to iron overload, decreased quality of life, and long-term consequences despite supportive care such as iron chelation. Luspatercept, a recombinant fusion protein that acts on the TGF-β superfamily signaling pathway, has appeared as a new therapeutic intervention to decrease the transfusion burden by inducing late-stage erythroid maturation. Clinical trials, such as Phase I to III trials and the BELIEVE trial, have confirmed that luspatercept effectively reduces the transfusion burden and enhances health-related quality of life in TDT patients. Nevertheless, possible side effects like bone pain, thromboembolic events, and extramedullary hematopoiesis should be taken into account carefully. The therapy is also contraindicated among patients who have active EMH masses, and its safety during pregnancy has yet to be confirmed. Luspatercept also has the potential to treat other blood disorders such as MDS-RS. This Informative Letter emphasizes the changing role of luspatercept as a disease-modifying therapy in the management of β-thalassemia.
Copyright (c) 2025 Aman Advani, Saad Ahmed Mughal (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Vitamin D Deficiency and Its Association with Obesity Among Urban School-Aged Children in Pakistan: A Cross-Sectional Analysis
Introduction: Vitamin D deficiency and childhood obesity are growing public health concerns, particularly in urban populations where reduced sun exposure and sedentary lifestyles are common. Objective: To find out whether there is a link between low vitamin D levels and a higher risk of obesity in school-aged children in Islamabad. Methodology: This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted at the Department of Pediatrics, Maroof International Hospital, Islamabad, in collaboration with the Department of Bio-Sciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, over one year (April 2023–March 2024). A total of 186 children aged 6 to 12 years, residing in urban areas, were enrolled using a convenience sampling technique. Anthropometric measurements were recorded to calculate Body Mass Index (BMI), and serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] levels were assessed using chemiluminescence immunoassay. Vitamin D deficiency was defined as <20 ng/mL, and obesity was classified using WHO BMI percentiles. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 26, with chi-square and logistic regression tests applied. Results: Out of the 186 kids, 112 (60.22%) didn't get enough vitamin D, and 58 (31.18%) were considered fat. There was a strong link between not getting enough vitamin D and being overweight (p = 0.004). Out of the people who didn't get enough vitamin D, 45 (40.18%) were fat. In the group that did get enough vitamin D, just 13 (17.57%) were obese. After controlling for age, gender, socioeconomic level, and physical activity, logistic regression analysis showed that vitamin D insufficiency was an independent predictor of obesity (AOR: 2.91; 95% CI: 1.48–5.71; p = 0.002). Conclusion: Vitamin D deficiency is significantly associated with increased obesity risk among urban school-aged children and may be a modifiable factor in pediatric obesity prevention strategies.
Vitamin D deficiency, childhood obesity, urban children, BMI, Pakistan, risk factors
Copyright (c) 2025 Ghassan Zahid, NaqeebUllah Jogezai, Syed Hassan Ali Shah, Rabbia Allahrakha, Muhammad Kamran (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Effectiveness and Safety of Management Strategies for Cardiac Arrhythmias in Pregnancy: A Prospective Observational Study
Background: Cardiac arrhythmias during pregnancy pose significant risks to both maternal and fetal health, necessitating careful diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. Objective: To prospectively evaluate the management strategies and clinical outcomes of cardiac arrhythmias in pregnant women, focusing on the safety, effectiveness, and maternal-fetal implications of both pharmacologic and non-pharmacologic interventions. Methodology: A prospective observational study was conducted at the Department of Cardiology, Punjab Institute of Cardiology, Lahore, from July 2023 to June 2024. A total of 228 pregnant women diagnosed with cardiac arrhythmias were enrolled based on predefined inclusion criteria. Data were collected on demographics, arrhythmia type, diagnostic findings, management approaches, and maternal and fetal outcomes. Statistical analysis included Chi-square and t-tests with p < 0.05 considered significant. Results: Among the 228 participants, the most common arrhythmia was supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) (39.04%), followed by premature atrial contractions (18.42%) and premature ventricular contractions (15.35%). Pharmacologic management was used in 165 patients (72.37%), with beta-blockers being the most common (44.74%). Non-pharmacologic methods were used in 63 women (27.63%), including vagal maneuvers (17.98%) and electrical cardioversion (5.70%). Complete arrhythmia control was achieved in 174 women (76.32%), while 42 (18.42%) had moderate control, and 12 (5.26%) had recurrent episodes. Maternal complications included syncope (7.02%) and heart failure (3.95%). Fetal outcomes showed normal birth weight in 183 neonates (80.26%) and term delivery in 169 cases (74.12%). Two fetal deaths (0.88%) were reported. Conclusion: Arrhythmias in pregnancy can be effectively managed with a tailored, multidisciplinary approach, resulting in favorable maternal and fetal outcomes.
Cardiac arrhythmia, pregnancy, supraventricular tachycardia, fetal outcomes, beta-blockers, prospective study.
Copyright (c) 2025 Sajid Mumtaz, Taimoor Jawad, Arsalan Nadeem Qureshi, Muhammad Uzair, Muhammad Aqib (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Glycemic Control and Cardiovascular Risk in Type 2 Diabetics Using Metformin vs. Combination Therapy
Introduction: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a growing public health concern worldwide. While metformin is the first-line therapy, many patients require additional oral antidiabetic drugs (OADs) to achieve glycemic targets. Objective: To determine which is better at controlling blood sugar and lowering the risk of heart disease in people with type 2 diabetes: metformin monotherapy or combination treatment. Materials and Methods: The descriptive, cross-sectional research was conducted at the Department of Endocrinology at Jinnah Hospital in Lahore between February 2023 and January 2024. A total of 132 T2DM patients were enrolled using convenience sampling and divided into two groups: Group A (metformin only; n=62) and Group B (metformin plus OADs; n=70). Fasting blood glucose, HbA1c, blood pressure, and lipid profile were assessed. Independent samples t-tests were used to compare means between groups, with p<0.05 considered statistically significant. Results: Group B patients had far better blood sugar management than Group A patients. Their fasting blood sugar levels were 134.6 mg/dL compared to 144.2 mg/dL (p = 0.047), and their mean HbA1c levels were 7.36% compared to 7.94% (p = 0.002). Group B included 36 patients (51.43%) who were able to regulate their blood sugar levels (HbA1c <7%), whereas Group A had 18 patients (29.03%) who were able to do the same. In Group A, 39 patients (62.90%) and in Group B, 34 patients (48.57%) had dyslipidemia. There were 28 patients (45.16%) with high blood pressure in Group A and 29 patients (41.43%) in Group B. Conclusion: Combination therapy with metformin and other OADs was associated with better glycemic control compared to metformin monotherapy. However, no significant reduction in cardiovascular risk factors was observed. Further longitudinal studies are needed to explore long-term outcomes and safety, including hypoglycemia risk.
Copyright (c) 2025 Sehrish Jabeen, Anam, Fatima Abass, Syeda Aisha Aisha, Saba Khalid (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Assessment of Nigella sativa (Black Seed) Supplementation in Improving Asthma Control among Adolescents
Introduction: Asthma in adolescents presents unique challenges due to developmental, behavioral, and environmental factors. Objective: To assess the effectiveness of Nigella sativa (black seed) supplementation in improving asthma control among adolescents. Methodology: This randomized controlled trial was conducted from September 2023 to August 2024 at the International Islamic University, Islamabad, in collaboration with the Department of Pulmonology at Shifa International Hospitals, Islamabad. A total of 96 adolescents aged 12–18 years with partially controlled or uncontrolled asthma were enrolled. Participants were divided into two equal groups (n = 48 each). The intervention group received 500 mg Nigella sativa capsules twice daily for 12 weeks alongside standard asthma therapy, while the control group continued standard therapy alone. Forced Expiratory Volume in 1 second (FEV₁) and Forced Vital Capacity (FVC), Asthma Control Test (ACT) scores, adherence, and adverse events were measured. Allocation concealment was maintained using sealed opaque envelopes. Statistical analysis was conducted using SPSS 26, with p < 0.05 considered significant. Results: At baseline, both groups were comparable in age, gender, asthma duration, ACT scores, FEV₁, and FVC (p > 0.05). By Week 12, the Nigella sativa group showed a significant improvement in ACT scores from 16.3 ± 2.9 to 22.5 ± 2.2, compared to 16.5 ± 3.1 to 18.1 ± 3.0 in controls (mean difference: 4.4; 95% CI: 3.14–5.63; p < 0.001; Cohen’s d = 1.58). Similarly, FEV₁ increased from 71.85 ± 9.4% to 82.19 ± 8.1% in the intervention group versus 72.43 ± 8.7% to 74.02 ± 8.5% in controls (95% CI: 5.78–11.49; p < 0.001; d = 1.00). FVC also improved, rising from 78.26 ± 7.6% to 86.43 ± 6.9% in the Nigella group, versus 77.91 ± 7.9% to 79.16 ± 7.2% in controls (Δ = 7.27%; 95% CI: 5.27–9.48; p < 0.001; d = 1.08). Adherence was high (91.67%), and adverse effects were minimal and mild (6.25% gastrointestinal discomfort, 2.08% headache), comparable between groups (0.05). By Week 12, the Nigella sativa group showed a significant improvement in ACT scores from 16.3 ± 2.9 to 22.5 ± 2.2, compared to 16.5 ± 3.1 to 18.1 ± 3.0 in controls (mean difference: 4.4; 95% CI: 3.14–5.63; p < 0.001; Cohen’s d = 1.58). Similarly, FEV₁ increased from 71.85 ± 9.4% to 82.19 ± 8.1% in the intervention group versus 72.43 ± 8.7% to 74.02 ± 8.5% in controls (95% CI: 5.78–11.49; p < 0.001; d = 1.00). FVC also improved, rising from 78.26 ± 7.6% to 86.43 ± 6.9% in the Nigella group, versus 77.91 ± 7.9% to 79.16 ± 7.2% in controls (Δ = 7.27%; 95% CI: 5.27–9.48; p < 0.001; d = 1.08). Adherence was high (91.67%), and adverse effects were minimal and mild (6.25% gastrointestinal discomfort, 2.08% headache), comparable between groups. Conclusion: Nigella sativa supplementation significantly improved asthma control and lung function in adolescents with minimal side effects and high adherence.
Copyright (c) 2025 Syeda Rishal Areej, Muhammad Shafiq Khan, Muhammad Ghazanfar Javed Khan (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Efficacy of Ivy Leaf Extract Syrup in Managing Bronchial Asthma Among Children: A Prospective Observational Study
Background: Bronchial asthma is a common chronic respiratory disorder in children, and there is growing interest in exploring herbal therapies such as ivy leaf extract for symptom relief. Objective: To evaluate the clinical efficacy and safety of dry extract of ivy leaves in children aged 7 to 12 years diagnosed with mild to moderate bronchial asthma. Methodology: This prospective observational study was conducted at the Department of Pediatric Medicine, Pakistan Institute of Medical Science (PIMS), Islamabad, in collaboration with the International Islamic University, Islamabad, from August 2023 to July 2024. A total of 120 children with clinically stable bronchial asthma were enrolled using convenience sampling. All participants received a standardized dry ivy leaf extract syrup at a total daily dose of 105 mg, administered in age-appropriate doses for four weeks. Asthma symptoms were assessed using a standardized pediatric asthma control scoring tool at baseline and post-treatment. Adverse effects were monitored using structured checklists and open-ended questionnaires completed by caregivers. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 26.0, with paired t-tests to assess symptom changes. Results: The mean weekly frequency of daytime symptoms decreased from 4.58 ± 1.42 to 2.01 ± 1.18 (p<0.001), nocturnal awakenings reduced from 2.77 ± 1.11 to 1.05 ± 0.84 (p<0.001), and limitation in physical activity improved from 3.20 ± 1.03 to 1.35 ± 0.76 (p<0.001). Full compliance was observed in 108 (90.00%) patients. Adverse effects were minimal, with 84.17% reporting no issues. Conclusion: Dry ivy leaf extract appears to be an effective and well-tolerated adjunct treatment for symptom relief in pediatric bronchial asthma.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ana Maqbool , Muhammad Zakryya Khan, Sania Begum, Asia Kiran (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
In vitro Assessment of the Antiviral Activity of Medicinal Plant Extracts Against Dengue Virus Serotype 2 (DENV-2)
Background: Dengue virus infection remains a significant global health challenge with limited antiviral treatment options. Objective: To evaluate the antiviral potential of selected medicinal plant extracts against dengue virus serotype 2 (DENV-2) through phytochemical screening and in vitro assays. Methodology: This descriptive, in vitro experimental study was conducted over one year (August 2023–July 2024) at the University of Poonch Rawalakot. Ten medicinal plants traditionally used for febrile and viral illnesses in Pakistan were selected and authenticated. Plant extracts were prepared using methanol, ethanol, and aqueous solvents and screened for key phytochemicals including flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, saponins, and terpenoids. Cytotoxicity on Vero cells was assessed by MTT assay to determine CC₅₀ values. Non-toxic concentrations of extracts were evaluated for antiviral activity against DENV-2 using Plaque Reduction or Virus Yield Reduction Assays. IC₅₀ and Selectivity Index (SI) were calculated. Experiments were conducted in triplicate, and data analyzed using ANOVA with significance at p < 0.05. Results: All plants contained various bioactive compounds; Curcuma longa showed the richest phytochemical profile. Curcuma longa exhibited the highest safety (CC₅₀ = 455 µg/mL) and antiviral efficacy (IC₅₀ = 38.20 µg/mL) with an SI of 11.91 and 82.34% viral inhibition. Andrographis paniculata, Azadirachta indica, Nigella sativa, and Phyllanthus niruri also demonstrated significant antiviral activity with SI values above 6. Dose-dependent viral inhibition was confirmed for these top five extracts. Conclusion: Selected medicinal plants, particularly Curcuma longa, show promising antiviral activity against DENV-2 and merit further investigation for therapeutic development.
Copyright (c) 2025 Atta ur Rehman, Dr.Syed Anis Ali Jafri, Nasir Anwar , Syeda Okasha Javed (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Comparative Study of Oral versus Intravenous Iron Therapy in the Management of Iron Deficiency Anemia
Introduction: Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) is a common hematological disorder with significant health implications, especially in low-resource settings. It affects physical performance, cognition, and overall quality of life. Objective: To compare the hematologic response, iron store repletion, symptom improvement, and adverse effects of oral versus intravenous iron therapy in patients with IDA. Methodology: From 10 March 2023 to 10 March 2024, a 12-month comparative A cross-sectional study was conducted at the Lady Reading Hospital's Department of Medicine in Peshawar. Two groups of 136 patients with proven IDA were randomly assigned to receive oral ferrous sulfate (Group A) and intravenous iron sucrose (Group B). Over the course of eight weeks, hematologic and biochemical markers, symptom improvement, and side effects were evaluated. SPSS version 25 was employed to examine the information using chi-square and t-tests. Results: At 8 weeks, Group B showed a significantly higher increase in hemoglobin(12.4 ± 1.2 g/dL) than Group A (10.7 ± 1.3 g/dL) (p < 0.001). Ferritin and transferrin saturation were also higher in Group B (110.6 ± 18.4 ng/mL, 34.5 ± 6.2%) than in Group A (29.8 ± 9.2 ng/mL, 18.7 ± 4.5%) (p < 0.001). Fatigue improved in 86.8% vs. 57.4%, pallor in 80.9% vs. 48.5%, and dyspnea in 77.9% vs. 44.1%. GI side effects like nausea (30.9% vs. 5.9%) were more common in the oral group. Conclusion: Intravenous iron therapy is more effective and better tolerated than oral iron for the treatment of IDA, offering faster hematologic recovery and greater symptom improvement.
Copyright (c) 2025 Dr. Saifullah Chan, Dr. Usman Khalil, Hamdan Khan, Dr. Fakhar Zaman, Sheharyar Khalid Rahim, Dr. Abdul Samad (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Prevalence and Clinical Implications of BRCA1 and BRCA2 Mutations in Breast and Ovarian Cancer Among Pakistani Women
Background: Major causes of hereditary breast and ovarian cancers are mutations in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes, especially affecting cancer type, onset, and prognosis. Objective: To investigate the frequency and clinical correlations of BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations among breast and ovarian cancer patients, as well as individuals with strong family histories, in a Pakistani population. Methodology: This observational cross-sectional study was conducted in the Department of Medical Laboratory Technology at the University of Sialkot. Using a practical sampling technique, 168 female participants—including those with a substantial family history and diagnosed breast and ovarian cancer sufferers—were gathered. Blood or tissue samples were first stripped of DNA, then subjected to PCR and sequencing to identify BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations. SPSS version 25 was used to analyze data; significance was defined at p <0.05. Results: Among breast cancer patients, 17.65% had BRCA1 and 11.76% had BRCA2 mutations. In ovarian cancer patients (n=43), 25.58% had BRCA1 and 18.60% had BRCA2 mutations. BRCA1 mutations were more frequent in younger age groups (25.00% in 18–30 years), and were significantly associated with triple-negative tumors (53.13%). BRCA2 mutations were more often found in hormone receptor-positive tumors (50.00%). A strong family history of breast cancer was observed in over 60% of BRCA mutation carriers. Conclusion: BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations are prevalent in Pakistani breast and ovarian cancer patients and are closely linked to age at diagnosis, tumor subtype, and family history.
Copyright (c) 2025 Tahrim Zafar, Zeeshan Asghar , Urooj Liaqat , Saira Zafar, Areeba Khan, Muqadas Naseer (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Assessing the Efficacy of Plant-Based Diets in Managing Type 2 Diabetes and Cardiovascular Health
Background: The purpose of this research was to evaluate how well plant-based diets may improve cardiovascular health and manage Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM). Methods: A 12-month randomized controlled experiment with 156 T2DM subjects was carried out at KTH Peshawar. A control group (n=78) and a plant-based diet group (n=78) were randomly allocated to the participants. Changes in HbA1c, fasting blood glucose, blood pressure, lipid profiles, and C-reactive protein (CRP) were among the primary outcomes. The SF-36 questionnaire was used to assess quality of life. Chi-square and t-tests were used in the statistical analysis. Results: In comparison to the control group, the plant-based diet group demonstrated significant reductions in LDL cholesterol “(-19.2 mg/dL vs. -5.4 mg/dL; p<0.01), fasting blood glucose (-22.7 mg/dL vs. -10.3 mg/dL; p<0.01), systolic blood pressure (-11.5 mmHg vs. -5.3 mmHg; p<0.01), diastolic blood pressure (-7.8 mmHg vs. -2.7 mmHg; p<0.01), LDL cholesterol (-19.2 mg/dL vs. -5.4 mg/dL; p<0.01), and CRP (-1.4 mg/L vs. -0.4 mg/L; p<0.01)” were all significantly lower in the plant-based diet group. The plant-based group had a substantial rise in HDL cholesterol (+6.5 mg/dL vs. +2.3 mg/dL; p<0.01). In the categories of vitality, general health, and physical functioning, the plant-based group's quality of life ratings increased considerably (p<0.05). Conclusion: For those with type 2 diabetes, plant-based diets considerably enhance glycemic management, cardiovascular health indicators, inflammatory markers, and quality of life. These results provide credence to the use of plant-based dietary approaches in the treatment of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease.
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, Plant-Based Diet, Cardiovascular Health, Glycemic Control, Randomized Controlled Trial, Inflammatory Markers, Quality of Life
Copyright (c) 2024 Afiyat Ahmad, Saeed Anwar, Usama Altaf, Syeda Maimoona Batool, Muhammad Abubakar, Tariq Khan (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Comparative Study of Proton Pump Inhibitors versus H2 Blockers in Peptic Ulcer Disease Management
Introduction: Peptic ulcer disease (PUD) is one of the common GI disorders where the disorder requires good acid suppression to mitigate the symptoms and heal the mucosa. Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) and H2 receptor antagonists (H2RAs) are known, broadly used treatments, and their preferable clinical performances need additional research. Objective: In order to compare the efficacy of PPIs and H2RAs in the treatment of PUD with respect to symptom relief, ulcer healing, and prevention. Methodology: This comparative study was carried out at Hayatabad Medical Complex, Peshawar and a 12-month period was taken in this study. Out of a total of 210 patients with endoscopically confirmed PUD, patients were randomly assigned to two groups: the large control group designated (A) PPIs (n=105) and the other large group designated (B) H2RAs (n=105). Demographics, type of ulcer, presence of Helicobacter pylori, symptom scores (GSRS), healed outcomes, and recurrence were data collected. The statistical analysis was performed in SPSS version 26, and chi-square and t-tests were used. The value p < 0.05 was taken to be statistically significant. Results: There were no differences in baseline characteristics between groups (p > 0.05). At 6 weeks, the percentage of patients with reports of symptom relief was much greater in the PPI group (mean GSRS reduction: 9.6 vs. 7.2; p < 0.001). PPIs had a higher proportion of ulcer healing (89.5% vs. 72.4%; p = 0.002). The rate of recurrence at 3 months was lower in the PPI group (4.8% vs. 16.2%; p = 0.006). Adverse effects were minimal and comparable in the study groups. Conclusion: PPIs are much more effective than H2RAs in the treatment of PUD, providing improved symptom control, greater rates of healing, and reduced recurrence.
Copyright (c) 2025 Urooba Misbah, Hafiz Dr Shoaib Ahmad , Muhammad Salman, Rida Ahmed , Anam Qazi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Smart Farming Technologies: AI-Driven Crop Monitoring and Precision Agronomy
The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) into agriculture marks a significant advancement in addressing the global challenges of food security, resource efficiency, and climate resilience. This narrative review explores the role of AI-driven technologies in crop monitoring and precision agronomy, focusing on their applications, benefits, and challenges. AI-powered systems, such as machine learning models and computer vision algorithms, are increasingly used to analyze data from remote sensing, drones, and IoT-based soil sensors for early detection of crop stress, disease, and environmental fluctuations. These insights enable site-specific interventions and real-time decision-making, contributing to higher yields and more sustainable resource use. The review highlights case studies from both developed and developing regions, illustrating the practical impact of AI platforms in optimizing sowing dates, irrigation, fertilization, and pest control. Despite their transformative potential, challenges persist, including limited data quality, high infrastructure costs, low technological literacy among farmers, and concerns about data ownership and privacy. Furthermore, the environmental footprint of digital agriculture and issues of interoperability remain pressing concerns. Future directions emphasize the development of advanced AI models, autonomous machinery, and the integration of genomics and AI for accelerated crop improvement. Equally important are supportive policy frameworks and inclusive digital strategies to ensure equitable access to smart farming technologies. Overall, AI stands as a pivotal tool for reshaping agriculture into a more intelligent, sustainable, and resilient system.
Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Gastrointestinal Efficacy of Omeprazole in Patients with Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease
Introduction: Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) poses a significant global health burden, necessitating effective treatment strategies. Proton pump inhibitors, particularly omeprazole, are commonly prescribed for GERD management. However, comprehensive investigations into the gastrointestinal efficacy of omeprazole, considering symptom duration, frequency, severity, and quality of life improvements, are warranted. Methodology: This randomized controlled trial aimed to systematically investigate the gastrointestinal efficacy of omeprazole in individuals diagnosed with GERD. Following CONSORT guidelines, the study enrolled 180 adult participants to evaluate how omeprazole influenced the duration, frequency, and severity of symptoms, along with its impact on health-related quality of life. Adults aged 25 to 65 with GERD were randomly assigned to either the omeprazole intervention or control group. The intervention group received a standardized daily dose of 20 mg oral omeprazole over a four-week period. Baseline characteristics, including age, gender, BMI, smoking status, comorbidities, and dietary habits, were thoroughly examined. Continuous monitoring of daily vital signs and adverse events was implemented to ensure safety and tolerability. Results: The study revealed a significantly shorter mean duration of GERD symptoms in the omeprazole group (5.2 ± 1.3 days) compared to the control group (7.8 ± 1.5 days), emphasizing the rapid relief provided by omeprazole (p < 0.001). Efficacy analysis demonstrated a remarkable reduction in symptom frequency (92% vs. 65%, p < 0.001) and severity (p < 0.001) in the omeprazole group. Health-related quality of life significantly improved in the omeprazole group, as reflected in the GERD-QOL scores (p < 0.001). Conclusion: This trial provides robust evidence supporting the gastrointestinal efficacy of omeprazole in managing GERD symptoms. The rapid relief, significant reductions in symptom frequency and severity, and improvement in health-related quality of life underscore the clinical relevance of omeprazole. The study contributes valuable insights to GERD management and informs future research directions.
Copyright (c) 2024 Dr. Muhammad Afnan, Dr. Palwasha Akbar, Dr. Muhammad Muttahir, Dr. Hamza Ali Shah, Dr. Adil Saeed, Dr. Alsa Rustum (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Impact of Vitamin D Supplementation on Heart Failure Outcomes in Vitamin D Deficient Patients
Background: Heart failure (HF) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality, with emerging evidence suggesting a link between vitamin D deficiency and adverse heart failure outcomes. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the impact of vitamin D supplementation on heart failure outcomes in vitamin D-deficient patients and explore the broader public health implications of these findings. Methodology: The observational cohort study was conducted over a one-year period from January 2023 to December 2023, involving 220 adults aged 40 years and older with diagnosed heart failure and confirmed vitamin D deficiency (serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D <20 ng/mL). Over the course of a year, participants were randomized to receive either a placebo or 2000 IU of vitamin D3 daily. At baseline, three, six, and twelve months, information was gathered on hospitalizations, heart failure status, serum vitamin D levels, demographics, and quality of life. Descriptive statistics, t-tests, and chi-square tests were among the statistical analyses. Results: The vitamin D group experienced a considerable rise in serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels, which went from 17.37 ± 3.62 ng/mL to 35.18 ± 7.13 ng/mL (p < 0.001). Compared to 8 out of 110 patients (7.27%) in the placebo group, 25 out of 110 patients (22.73%) in the vitamin D group achieved Class I status, indicating an improvement in NYHA Class (p = 0.013). At 12 months, the vitamin D group's hospitalization rate dropped to 3 out of 110 patients (2.73%) from 10 out of 110 patients (9.09%) in the placebo group (p = 0.028). By the 12-month mark, the vitamin D group's quality of life scores had significantly improved to 75.68 ± 8.93, whereas the placebo group's scores were much lower at 56.52 ± 10.54. Conclusion: Vitamin D supplementation has the potential to be used as an adjuvant therapy in the management of heart failure since it dramatically improves clinical outcomes in individuals with vitamin D-deficient heart failure.
heart failure, vitamin D, supplementation, clinical outcomes, quality of life.
Copyright (c) 2024 Awais Ahmed Uttra, Hafiz Muhammad Abdullah (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Prevalence and Risk Factors of ENT Symptoms in Extra-Pulmonary Tuberculosis Patients
Background: Ear, nose, and throat (ENT) symptoms are less well-documented but are vital for diagnosis and treatment of extra-pulmonary tuberculosis (EPTB), which affects organs outside the lungs. Objective: The objective of the study was to evaluate the various ENT symptoms of TB in patients undergoing treatment at a tertiary care hospital's outpatient department (OPD). Methodology: In this cross-sectional research, which took place at Hazara University, KPK, between August 2020 and January 2021, 124 patients with ENT-related EPTB were included. Complete ENT histories, physical exams, and a range of diagnostic tests, such as biopsies, endoscopies, and chest X-rays, were performed on the participants. SPSS version 25 was utilized to analyze the data, and the chi-square test was used to look into any relationships between risk variables like smoking. Determining statistical significance required a p-value of less than 0.05. Results: Among the 124 patients with EPTB, the most prevalent ENT symptom was neck swelling, affecting 31 patients (25.00%). This was followed by laryngitis in 28 patients (22.58%) and pharyngitis in 25 patients (20.16%). Chronic sinusitis was observed in 22 patients (17.74%), while voice changes and otitis media were noted in 19 patients (15.32%) and 18 patients (14.52%), respectively. Hemoptysis was present in 15 patients (12.10%). The prevalence of these symptoms was notably higher in patients with symptoms lasting 6-12 months. Additionally, smoking was significantly associated with increased rates of laryngitis (p = 0.033) and hemoptysis (p = 0.039). Conclusion: The research demonstrates that common ENT symptoms in EPTB include neck edema, laryngitis, and pharyngitis, with symptom duration and smoking status having a major impact on their incidence.
Extra-Pulmonary Tuberculosis, ENT Symptoms, Neck Swelling, Laryngitis, Smoking.
Copyright (c) 2024 Asif Iqbal, Shafiq ul Rehman, Ihtisham ul Haq (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Assessment of Current Medical Management Approaches for Thyroid Nodules and Cancer in a Tertiary Care Setting
Background: Cancer and thyroid nodules are serious worldwide health issues that need accurate diagnosis and treatment to stop their development. Even with improvements in diagnostic techniques and therapeutic approaches, there are still unanswered questions about the best medical care. Objective: This study aimed to assess current medical treatment approaches for thyroid nodules and cancer, identifying areas for improvement and suggesting interventions to enhance patient outcomes. Methodology: The study's objective was to evaluate medical treatment modalities for thyroid nodules and cancer among hospitalized patients from January to December 2023. 290 patients in all were chosen depending on how often they visited the hospital. Standardized forms were used in the data gathering process to extract clinical and demographic information from databases and records. Descriptive statistics and multivariate logistic regression were used in the statistical analysis using SPSS 25.0. Results: The research examined 290 individuals with cancer and thyroid nodules, most of them were female (62.07%) and varied in age. Sixty-five percent of the samples showed benign nodules, with papillary thyroid carcinoma being the most common kind (39.31%). The most common treatment (45.86%) was levothyroxine therapy, which was successful in 75.19% of patients. Levothyroxine was shown to be substantially related with favorable outcomes (odds ratio: 2.50) by multivariate logistic regression. Hypothyroidism (9.77%-18.18%) and hyperthyroidism (4.51%-6.06%) were among the side effects. Conclusion: The study emphasizes the crucial role of levothyroxine in achieving positive outcomes and underscores the importance of effectively managing treatment-related complications to improve patient care.
Copyright (c) 2024 Asif Iqbal, Zahid Mehboob, Ihtisham ul Haq (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Impact of Long-Term Aspirin Use on Cardiovascular Disease Prevention and Bleeding Risks
Background: The advantages of long-term aspirin usage for preventing cardiovascular disease must be balanced against the danger of bleeding. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the impact of long-term aspirin therapy on cardiovascular disease prevention and to assess the associated risks of bleeding complications. Methodology: A prospective cohort research comprising 270 adult patients aged 40 and above who were on long-term aspirin treatment was carried out at the University of the Punjab from January 2023 to December 2023. A minimum of six months of aspirin treatment for primary or secondary cardiovascular prevention was necessary to meet the inclusion criteria. With an emphasis on cardiovascular outcomes, bleeding problems, and pertinent laboratory indicators, we gathered data via patient interviews, medical record checks, and laboratory testing. Frequency distributions and t-tests were used in statistical studies to contrast aspirin users with non-users. Results: Among the 270 participants, 25 aspirin users (11.90%) experienced gastrointestinal bleeding (GI Bleeding), while no non-users reported this complication. Additionally, 10 aspirin users (4.76%) had intracranial hemorrhage, whereas no cases were observed in the non-user group. Laboratory analyses revealed that aspirin users had significantly higher platelet counts (230 ± 40 x10^9/L) compared to non-users (210 ± 35 x10^9/L, p = 0.01) and longer prothrombin times (14.2 ± 1.5 seconds) compared to non-users (13.5 ± 1.2 seconds, p = 0.03). Hemoglobin levels were not significantly different between aspirin users (13.2 ± 1.8 g/dL) and non-users (13.8 ± 1.9 g/dL, p = 0.12). Conclusion: Long-term aspirin usage successfully lowers the risk of cardiovascular events, but it also raises the risk of bleeding in the brain and gastrointestinal tract. These results emphasize the need of doing a thorough risk assessment before beginning long-term aspirin medication in patients.
Aspirin, cardiovascular disease, bleeding complications, gastrointestinal bleeding, intracranial hemorrhage.
Copyright (c) 2024 Asif Iqbal, Awais Ahmed Uttra, Shafiq ul Rehman, Ramzan Ali (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Recent Trends in Improving Resistance against Diseases Using Molecular Genetics and Omics Tools
CHIEF ORGANIZER AND FOCAL PERSON MESSAGE Dear Participants, It is with immense pleasure and excitement that I extend my warmest welcome to you for the upcoming 1st International Conference on Recent Trends in Improving Resistance Against Diseases Using Molecular Genetics and OMICS Tools. As the Chief Organizer and Focal Person, it is truly an honor to host this groundbreaking event at Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan in the picturesque city of Mardan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Our conference aims to bring together a diverse and accomplished group of researchers, scholars, and practitioners who share a common passion for advancing the frontiers of science, particularly in the crucial areas of One Health, Combatting Diseases, Antimicrobial Resistance, Livestock Improvement, and OMICS: The Future. Over the course of two enriching days, we anticipate dynamic discussions and thought-provoking presentations that will not only deepen our understanding of the challenges we face but also inspire innovative solutions. Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, nestled in the heart of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, provides a fitting backdrop for this collaborative exchange of ideas. The themes of the conference are not just topics of conversation; they represent the core issues that demand our attention and collective effort. One Health emphasizes the interconnectedness of various facets of health, underscoring the need for collaborative, interdisciplinary approaches. Combatting Diseases and addressing Antimicrobial Resistance are critical in safeguarding public health globally, and discussions on Livestock Improvement are integral to the sustainability of agricultural systems. OMICS: The Future heralds a new era of scientific exploration and discovery, powered by advanced technologies. I extend my heartfelt gratitude to the organizing committee, esteemed keynote speakers, and all contributors who have worked tirelessly to make this conference a reality. Your commitment to advancing knowledge and promoting collaboration is truly commendable. As the Chief Organizer and Focal Person, I encourage you to actively engage in the sessions, network with fellow participants, and seize the opportunity to shape the future of scientific research in these vital areas. The abstracts presented at the conference will not only be published in the abstract book but will also contribute significantly to the global scientific discourse. Once again, welcome to the 1st International Conference on Recent Trends in Improving Resistance Against Diseases. Let us make these two days a memorable and transformative experience for us all. Best Regards, Dr. Tahir Usman Chief Organizer and Focal Person
1st INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE (IRAD-2023)
Copyright (c) 2024 Tahir Usman, Rahila Bibi, Syed Ali Raza Shah, Tamanna Gul, Tayyaba Kaleem, Abbas Khan, Muhammad Ali, Farzia, Muhammad Ikram, Tanzeela, Mehboob Alam, Soha Haleem, Sobia Khan, Rainaz Parvez, Sadia Nazir, Salman Khan, Sana Mahmood, Shadab Murad, Shehryar Khan , Sidra Umar, Sitara Andleeb, Kalim Ullah, Khatereh Khorsandi, Abdul Rehman, Faiz Ul Amin, Tahir Usman, Fazal Jalil, Mustafa Kamal, Abdur Rahman, Kadwal Mohammad Hamid, Asifullah Khan, Muhammad Fiaz Qamar, Khadija Altaf, Khadija Altaf, Arshia Amin, Muhammad Shafee, Irum Khalil, Raham Sher Khan, Ijaz Ul Haq, Inamullah, Tabassum, Hazir Rahman, Shehryar Khan, Qindeel Alam, Saifullah Shinwari, Sehrish Asad, Dr. Waheed Murad, Dr. Natasha Anwar, Shahid Nazeer, Dr. Syed Ishtiaq Anjum, Muhammad Faizan, Muhammad Junaid Yousaf, Jamila Haider, Muqaddas, Mohammad Usman Jan, Uroosa Gulzar, Peer Muhammad Stanikzai , Muhammad Qasim, Naveen Dilawar, Anwar Hussain, Amanullah, Saghir Ahmad, Irfan Khattak, Hafeez Ur Rahman, Nabi Shah, Farhan Anwar Khan, Madeeha Tariq, Sulaiman, Imad Khan, Muhammad Ikram, Sadia Rehman, Muhammad Tauqeer, Nahya Malik, Nida Karishma, Nimra Amir, Nimra Gul, Khalil Ur Rahman, Kainat, Mohammad Bayer Darmel, Abdul Sajid, Afshan Elahi, Aiman, Alia Kishwar, Anam Bibi, Ayaz Ahmad, Muhammad Ali Khan, Muhammad Arif, Noreen Nawaz, Tawseef Khan, Ruhoollah, Sadaf Niaz, Noor Ul Akbar, Kamran Ullah, Abdul Kabir, Mansoor Ahmad, Sidra Batool, Umar Ali, Zulfiqar Ali, Abdullah Jan Shinwari, Aamir Iqbal, Naveed Khan, Nazif Ullah, Hidayat Ullah, Karim Gul, Karim Gul, Kashif Ali, Malik Muhammad Sohail Elahi, Saif Ullah, Muhammad Zeeshan, Mushtaq Sarwar, Waheed Murad, Attaur Rahman, Sulaiman Shams, Raham Sher Khan, Arsalan Rasheed, Haseeba Taqveem, Muhammad Amir Ali, Mamoona Rauf, Alireza Sazmand, Zaker Hussain Hussain Pour (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Evaluating the Efficacy of Dual Antiplatelet Therapy in Reducing Recurrent Stroke in High-Risk Patients
Introduction: Still among the primary causes of illness and death worldwide is stroke. Comparatively to single antiplatelet therapy (SAPT), dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) has been suggested as a successful approach to lower the risk of recurrent strokes in high-risk patients. This study sought to assess whether DAPT would be effective in avoiding recurrent strokes among high-risk patients at Lady Reading Hospital (LRH) in Peshawar. Methodology: Using 92 high-risk stroke patients, 92 were assigned to DAPT (n=46) or SAPT (n=46). Over a follow-up period concluding in August 2024, data on demographic, clinical, stroke recurrence rates, and safety outcomes was gathered. Outcomes were assessed using statistical analyses comprising Kaplan-Meier survival analysis and Cox proportional hazards modeling. Results: With a stroke recurrence rate of 13% instead of 30% in the SAPT group (p=0.026), the DAPT group displayed with p=0.017 the Kaplan-Meier analysis revealed a stroke-free survival rate of 87% in the DAPT group against 70% in the SAPT group. The Cox model showed that DAPT reduced the incidence of recurrent stroke by 60% (HR=0.40). The incidence of major bleeding events was low, with 4.3% in the DAPT group and 2.1% in the SAPT group (p=0.53), indicating an acceptable safety profile. Conclusion: This study supports the use of DAPT as a more successful tactic than SAPT for low-risk individuals' recurrent stroke prevention. The results highlight the significance of using DAPT in clinical practice and provide important data for the management of stroke in different populations.
Recurrent stroke, dual antiplatelet therapy, high-risk individuals, single antiplatelet therapy, stroke prevention, randomized controlled trial.
Copyright (c) 2024 Ayat Ullah, Muhammad Omair, Nida Fatima Daterdiwala , Sana Saleem, Aqsa Hayat , Tariq Khan (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Investigating the Role of Genetic Predisposition in Developing Rheumatoid Arthritis
Background: A chronic autoimmune disease called rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is impacted by both environmental and genetic factors. This work explores the impact of genetic predisposition in the development of RA, focusing on the HLA-DRB1 common epitope, PTPN22, and STAT4 gene variations. Objectives: In a cohort from Hayatabad Medical Complex (HMC), the research sought to evaluate the relationship between important genetic markers and RA susceptibility as well as investigate the interplay between genetic predisposition and environmental variables, such as smoking. Methods: 132 RA patients participated in a cross-sectional research that ended in August 2024. To determine the existence of HLA-DRB1, PTPN22, and STAT4 gene variations, genetic analysis was done. The strength of relationships was determined by calculating odds ratios, or ORs. Analysis was also done on the relationship between smoking and the common epitope of HLA-DRB1. At p < 0.05, statistical significance was established. Results: The common epitope between HLA-DRB1 and RA was substantially correlated (OR = 3.45, p < 0.001). While STAT4 did not exhibit a significant correlation with RA (OR = 1.29, p = 0.365), PTPN22 was likewise associated with RA (OR = 2.15, p = 0.009). Compared to non-smokers (OR = 2.18, p = 0.021), smokers with the HLA-DRB1 allele had a significantly higher risk of RA (OR = 5.87, p < 0.001). Conclusions: The main genetic indicators for RA susceptibility are HLA-DRB1 and PTPN22, and smoking greatly increases the risk in those who are genetically susceptible to the condition. These results emphasize the value of lifestyle changes and customized risk assessment in the prevention of RA.
Copyright (c) 2024 Nishwa Tul Eman, Sandal Rafiq, Aqsa Hayat, Natasha Imtiaz, Sabir Hussain, Mansoor Ahmad (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
The Impact of Psychosocial Interventions on Mental Health and Quality of Life in Cancer Survivors
Background: After treatment, cancer survivors often experience ongoing psychological anguish and a reduction in their quality of life. This research assesses how psychosocial therapies affect this population's mental health and quality of life (QoL). Methods: There was a 164 cancer survivor randomized controlled trial. Two groups were formed out of them: the psychological intervention group (n = 82) and the control group (n = 82). Over the course of twelve weeks, the approach included scheduled treatment and assistance times. Your progress was measured at the beginning, after 12 weeks, three months, and six months using the “EORTC Quality of Life Questionnaire (QLQ-C30) and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS)”. Examining changes in QoL, anxiety, and depression using the outcomes helped one understand them. Results: When compared to the control group, the intervention group had a substantial decrease in both anxiety and depression. After a 12-week period, the anxiety and depression ratings dropped to 7.4 (p < 0.001) and 10.5 (p < 0.001), respectively. Notable gains were also seen in quality of life, with global QoL ratings increasing from 62.1 to 75.4 (p < 0.001). Notable improvements in social and emotional functioning as well as decreases in tiredness were seen. Over the course of the follow-up period, these benefits persisted. Conclusion: Psychosocial therapies help cancer survivors' mental health and QoL. Integration of these therapies into routine cancer therapy is important because of the notable and long-lasting advantages in lowering anxiety, despair, and tiredness and improving overall QoL.
Cancer Survivors, Psychosocial Interventions, Mental Health, Quality of Life, Anxiety, Depression, Randomized Controlled Trial
Copyright (c) 2024 Aizaz Ahmad Khan, Sabina Saeed, Taqweem Ul Haq, Sabir Hussain, Ahmad Sanan, Mansoor Ahmad (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Factors Affecting Career Choices Among Medical Students of Ayub Medical College Abbottabad
Background: Choosing a medical specialty can be either a daunting and confusing experience for some medical students and junior doctors or a foregone conclusion to others. The aim of this study is to evaluate factors influencing career choices among medical students in Ayub Medical College (AMC) Abbottabad, KPK, Pakistan. Materials and Methods: It was a descriptive type cross sectional study carried out at AMC Abbottabad for a period of 8 months from 1st March, 2022 to 31st October, 2022 on 100 students. Study population was Medical students of AMC Abbottabad. A questionnaire was developed for data collection. The data was analyzed through computer using SPSS version 20.0. Mean and standard deviation was calculated for continuous variables and frequencies and percentages for categorical variables. Results: In this study students from all classes from first to final year MBBS were included. Out of 100 students, 52 (52%) were males and 48(48%) were females. In this study we assessed that about 30% medical students were unsure about their future specialty decision , 29% students have broad area decision , 23% students have specific area decided upon while 12% students currently considering two broad areas. Moreover 41% students have not yet decided their future broad area for specialty, 35% students decided during their clinical years (3rd,4th and final year), 12% students had decided during their pre-clinical years (1st and 2nd year) and 12 % students had decided prior to medical college. According to our study, the most important factor which influence career choice among medical students is personal interest 49%, followed by lifestyle 15% , future job opportunities 14% , 7% influence from a mentor, 5 % previous positive clerkship experience and 4% have other personal reasons. Conclusion: A variety of factors appeared to inspire medical students in AMC Abbottabad to choose a future career choice. When identified, these factors can be used by mentors of medical students and directors of residency training programs to motivate students to choose specialties that are limited in the country and therefore better serve the national community.
Copyright (c) 2024 Dr. Sadaqat Ullah Rehmat, Dr. Sadam Hussain, Dr. Fawad Ahmad, Dr. Sobia Ali (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0