Innovative Research in Applied, Biological and Chemical Sciences
Journal Name: Innovative Research in Applied, Biological, and Chemical Sciences Journal Abbreviation: IRABCS ISSN: 3005-8449 Description: The IRABCS is a biannual, open-access, double-blind peer-reviewed journal dedicated to advancing applied, biological, and chemical sciences through high-quality, ethically reviewed research that addresses challenges in medicine, environmental science, biotechnology, and related fields. The journal promotes regional and international scientific collaboration, supports researchers—particularly from Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan—and facilitates knowledge exchange and innovation across disciplines. IRABCS is indexed/abstracted in Google Scholar, Crossref, WorldCat, Scilit, Semantic Scholar, OUCI, EuroPub, Index Copernicus, DRJI, Research Bible, PakMediNet, and Advanced Sciences Index, and is registered with ICMJE, Reviewers Credit, ORCID, DORA, SECP, and with DOI/Crossref. Google Scholar estimated Impact Factor: 0.189 Publication Frequency: Biannual (June and December) Forthcoming Issue / Early View: Accepted articles are published online in their original, unedited manuscript form within a few days of acceptance, subject to completion of all required publication formalities, including confirmation of applicable publication charges. This Early View version enables rapid dissemination of research and is later replaced by the final Version of Record after copyediting, typesetting, and author proof corrections are completed. Copyediting and Proofs: All manuscripts accepted for publication in the Innovative Research in Applied, Biological, and Chemical Sciences (IRABCS) Journal undergo essential copyediting and proofreading to ensure accuracy, clarity, and consistency in grammar, spelling, and style. Authors may choose to use external language-editing services prior to submission at their own discretion; however, the use of such services is neither mandatory nor a guarantee of peer review or acceptance. Proof Review Process: The corresponding author receives a secure link to access the article proofs and must carefully review and respond to editorial queries within 48 hours to avoid publication delays. Corrections to text and tables should be entered directly in the proofing system, while changes to figures are discouraged but may be indicated through comments; substantial alterations beyond the correction of production errors may require editorial approval and could delay publication, and revised proofs are not routinely resent unless exceptional circumstances apply. Digital Object Identifier (DOI): Each published article is assigned a unique DOI, which appears on the article’s title page and serves as a permanent and reliable reference for citation and online identification before formal assignment to a specific volume or issue. For further information regarding DOI registration, authors may contact editor@irabcs.com License and Copyright: All articles published in the IRABCS Journal are distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution–NonCommercial–NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0) License, which permits non-commercial use and redistribution of the work with proper credit to the original authors, provided the material is not altered or adapted. Proper attribution must include the statement, “The final, published version of this article is available via DOI: [insert DOI],” and any commercial reuse requires prior written permission from the publisher. For more details, visit About IRABCS. Submit your manuscript through the online submission system. Should you have any problems with your submission, please contact the editorial office: Editorial Office, Innovative Research Journals, 1st Floor City Center Plaza, Kohat Development Authority, Kohat (26000), KPK, Pakistan. For inquiries, please reach out to the editor at editor@irabcs.com.
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Authors retain copyright to their work published in the IRABCS journal under the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial No Derivatives License (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0).
Prevalence and Determinants of Poor Glycemic Control and Their Association with Lifestyle Factors and Diabetes-Related Complications among Adults with Type 2 Diabetes: A Cross-Sectional Study
Background: Diabetes mellitus of type 2 is a rapidly growing metabolic disorder throughout the world and poor glycemic control has a significant role in the development of diabetes associated complications. Objective: To examine the prevalence and risk factors for sub-optimal glycemic control and its relationship with lifestyle and diabetes complications amongst adults with T2DM. Methodology: This is a cross sectional analytical study that was carried out for a period of one year, from January 2025 to December 2025. A consecutive sampling method was used to select 420 adult patients who were diagnosed with T2DM. The data collection involved in this study was carried out by means of structured questionnaire and also medical record study. HbA1c was used as an indicator of glycemic control and poor control was defined as HbA1c >7%. Chi-square test and multivariable logistic regression were applied for analysis. Results: Out of 420 patients, 264 (62.86%) had poor glycemic control, while 156 (37.14%) had good control. Sedentary lifestyle, smoking, and unhealthy diet were significantly associated with poor glycemic control (p<0.05). Poor control was also higher among patients with longer diabetes duration and higher BMI. Diabetic neuropathy was the most common complication (33.81%), followed by retinopathy (28.10%) and nephropathy (22.86%). Regression analysis identified sedentary lifestyle, obesity, smoking, longer disease duration, and presence of complications as independent predictors of poor glycemic control. Conclusion: Poor glycemic control is highly prevalent among type 2 diabetes patients and is strongly associated with modifiable lifestyle factors and diabetes-related complications.
Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Comparative Study of Aspirin Monotherapy versus Dual Antiplatelet Therapy in Stable Coronary Artery Disease
Introduction: Stable coronary artery disease (CAD) remains one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Antiplatelet therapy is the cornerstone of secondary prevention, with aspirin recommended as standard therapy, whereas Dual Antiplatelet Therapy (DAPT) may provide additional protection against ischemic events at the expense of an increased bleeding risk. This study aimed to compare the effectiveness and safety of Aspirin Monotherapy and DAPT in patients with stable CAD. Methodology: A retrospective cohort study was conducted at the Department of Cardiology, Ayub Teaching Hospital, Abbottabad, Pakistan, from June 2025 to May 2026. A total of 200 adult patients with stable CAD were included, comprising 100 patients receiving Aspirin Monotherapy and 100 receiving DAPT (predominantly aspirin plus clopidogrel). Clinical data were obtained from medical records. The primary efficacy outcome was major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE), defined as the composite of myocardial infarction, ischemic stroke, and cardiovascular death. Secondary outcomes included cardiovascular hospitalization and bleeding events classified as major or minor according to standard clinical criteria. Baseline characteristics were compared using the independent-samples t-test, Chi-square test, or Fisher's exact test, while multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed to identify independent predictors of MACE and bleeding. Results: Baseline demographic and clinical characteristics were comparable between the two treatment groups. Patients receiving DAPT experienced lower rates of myocardial infarction (6.0% vs. 12.0%), ischemic stroke (3.0% vs. 8.0%), cardiovascular hospitalization (9.0% vs. 18.0%; p = 0.047), and cardiovascular mortality (4.0% vs. 7.0%) than those receiving Aspirin Monotherapy. However, overall bleeding events were significantly more frequent in the DAPT group (32.0% vs. 12.0%; p = 0.001), including both major (11.0% vs. 3.0%; p = 0.027) and minor bleeding (21.0% vs. 9.0%; p = 0.017). Multivariable logistic regression demonstrated that DAPT was independently associated with a lower risk of MACE (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 0.54; 95% CI: 0.29–0.98; p = 0.042) but a higher risk of bleeding complications (AOR = 3.41; 95% CI: 1.74–6.68; p < 0.001). Conclusion: Dual Antiplatelet Therapy was associated with a reduced risk of composite major adverse cardiovascular events but a significantly increased risk of bleeding compared with Aspirin Monotherapy in patients with stable coronary artery disease. Treatment decisions should be individualized by carefully balancing the expected ischemic benefits against the potential bleeding risks. Further multicenter prospective studies are warranted to validate these findings.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ayesha Ahmed, Sarbaz Islam Khattak, Sardar Arslan, Manal Azhar, Amina Bashir, Simran (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Evaluation of Antibiotic Prescribing Patterns in Patients with Respiratory Tract Infections
Introduction: Respiratory tract infections (RTIs) are among the leading causes of healthcare visits and antibiotic prescribing worldwide. Although many RTIs are viral and self-limiting, inappropriate antibiotic use remains common and contributes to antimicrobial resistance, increased healthcare costs, adverse drug events, and poorer clinical outcomes. This study aimed to evaluate antibiotic prescribing patterns, assess the appropriateness of antibiotic prescriptions, and identify factors associated with inappropriate prescribing among patients with respiratory tract infections. Methodology: A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted among 422 patients diagnosed with respiratory tract infections at two tertiary care teaching hospitals over a six-month period (January–June 2025). Patient demographics, clinical diagnoses, prescribed antibiotics, dose, route of administration, frequency, duration of therapy, treatment setting, and hospital were extracted from medical records and prescription charts. Prescription appropriateness was evaluated using World Health Organization (WHO) prescribing indicators and evidence-based clinical treatment guidelines based on antibiotic selection, dose, frequency, route, and duration of therapy. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 26.0. Descriptive statistics, Chi-square test, independent-samples t-test, one-way ANOVA, and binary logistic regression were performed. Variables with p <0.20 in bivariate analysis were entered into the multivariable logistic regression model, and both crude and adjusted odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals were reported. Statistical significance was set at p <0.05. Results: Of the 422 patients included, 216 (51.2%) were recruited from Jinnah International Hospital and 206 (48.8%) from Saidu Teaching Hospital. The mean age was 38.6 ± 17.4 years, and 55.2% were male. Upper respiratory tract infections accounted for 58.5% of cases, while lower respiratory tract infections accounted for 41.5%. A total of 587 antibiotics were prescribed, with cephalosporins (34.6%), penicillins (26.7%), and macrolides (18.4%) being the most frequently prescribed classes. Overall, 71.6% of prescriptions were appropriate, whereas 28.4% were inappropriate. The most common reasons for inappropriate prescribing were antibiotic use for likely viral infections (42.5%), inappropriate antibiotic selection (27.5%), incorrect dose (18.3%), and inappropriate treatment duration (11.7%). Multivariable logistic regression identified lower respiratory tract infection (AOR = 2.12, 95% CI: 1.34–3.36; p = 0.001), inpatient status (AOR = 1.89, 95% CI: 1.18–3.02; p = 0.008), and age >60 years (AOR = 1.67, 95% CI: 1.04–2.69; p = 0.034) as independent predictors of inappropriate antibiotic prescribing. Conclusion: Although most antibiotic prescriptions adhered to evidence-based treatment guidelines, inappropriate prescribing remained common, particularly due to unnecessary antibiotic use for presumed viral respiratory tract infections and inappropriate empirical use of broad-spectrum agents. Strengthening antimicrobial stewardship, promoting adherence to clinical practice guidelines, and implementing regular prescription audits are essential to optimize antibiotic use and reduce the growing burden of antimicrobial resistance.
Copyright (c) 2026 Aysha Habib, Shahid Maroof, Saima Khan Gohar, Muneeb Ahmad, Azhar Mahmood, Rizwanullah (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Statins and Breast Cancer: Evaluating the Cholesterol Level and Effect on Female Mortality Rates
Copyright (c) 2026 Aman Advani, Nahid Jamal, Ahsan Shabbir, Haresh Kumar (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Association of Household Air Pollution with Chronic Respiratory Symptoms and Health-Related Quality of Life
Background: Household air pollution (HAP) remains a major environmental risk factor contributing to respiratory morbidity and reduced quality of life in low- and middle-income populations. Objective: To determine the association between HAP, chronic respiratory symptoms, and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) among adults. Methodology: This was an analytical cross sectional study carried out from March 2025 to February 2026. A multi-stage sampling technique was employed to pick 390 participants from households in urban and peri-urban areas. Sociodemographic, household air pollution, chronic respiratory symptoms and health-related quality of life were explored using a validated instrument through structured interviews with a pre-designed questionnaire. The applied methods were Chi square, independent samples t-test and multivariable regression analyses. Results: Among 390 participants, 56.15% (219) were exposed to high HAP while 43.85% (171) had low exposure. Chronic respiratory symptoms were significantly more frequent in the high-exposure group, including chronic cough (40.18% vs 16.96%), dyspnea (49.32% vs 21.64%), wheezing (31.51% vs 12.28%), sputum production (33.33% vs 13.45%), and recurrent respiratory infections (30.14% vs 14.62%) (all p<0.05). Mean overall HRQoL scores were significantly lower in high-exposure participants (62.08 ± 9.33) compared to low-exposure participants (70.38 ± 8.41; p<0.001). Multivariable analysis showed that high HAP was independently associated with chronic respiratory symptoms (AOR=3.18, 95% CI: 2.01–5.02) and reduced HRQoL (β = −6.92, p<0.001). Conclusion: HAP is significantly associated with increased respiratory symptoms and reduced HRQoL among adults.
Evaluation of Drug Utilization Patterns and Drug-Related Problems in Myocardial Infarction Management at a Tertiary Care Hospital: A Cross-Sectional Observational Study
Background: Myocardial infarction (MI) remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, particularly in resource-limited settings. Appropriate pharmacotherapy is essential for optimizing patient outcomes; however, drug-related problems, potential drug–drug interactions, and cost-related prescribing issues may affect the quality and safety of MI management. Evaluating drug utilization patterns in hospitalized MI patients may help identify opportunities for improving prescribing practices. Objective: To evaluate drug utilization patterns and identify drug-related problems, potential drug–drug interactions, untreated conditions, and cost-related prescribing issues among hospitalized patients with myocardial infarction. Methods: A prospective descriptive observational case series was conducted in the cardiac ward and coronary care unit of Ayub Teaching Hospital, Abbottabad, Pakistan, from December 2019 to March 2020. Fifteen hospitalized patients diagnosed with myocardial infarction were included during the study period as part of an exploratory pilot assessment. Data were collected prospectively using a structured Subjective, Objective, Assessment, and Plan (SOAP)-based proforma. Drug-related problems and potential drug–drug interactions were identified using standard clinical references and categorized descriptively. Data were analyzed using Microsoft Excel and presented as frequencies and percentages. Results: Among the 15 patients included, 53.3% were male and 46.7% were female, with most patients (66.7%) aged 56–65 years. ST-elevation myocardial infarction was more common (73.3%) than non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction (26.7%). Potential drug–drug interactions were identified in all evaluated prescriptions, most commonly involving antiplatelet and anticoagulant combinations. Commonly observed drug-related problems included cost-related prescribing issues (86.7%), inappropriate dosing frequency (60.0%), inappropriate dosing (53.3%), and untreated clinical conditions (46.7%). Conclusion: This study identified a considerable burden of drug-related problems and potential drug–drug interactions among hospitalized patients with myocardial infarction. The findings highlight the importance of regular prescription review, adherence to evidence-based prescribing practices, and multidisciplinary medication monitoring to support rational pharmacotherapy and patient safety.
Copyright (c) 2026 safa gul (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Strengthening Risk Communication and Community Engagement in Public Health Emergencies: A Public Health Framework with Biological Science Insights for Trust, Misinformation Management, and Community Resilience
Background: Public health emergencies are biological and social events. Outbreaks and humanitarian health crises are shaped by pathogen transmission, incubation periods, host susceptibility, immune protection, environmental exposure, and health-system capacity, but they cannot be controlled by biomedical measures alone. Clear risk communication and genuine community engagement are required so that people understand biological hazards, trust response institutions, and participate in protective public health action. Aim: This paper reviews and synthesizes evidence on risk communication and community engagement (RCCE) and proposes a practical public health framework that gives a light biological-science touch to outbreak communication, including transmission, vaccination, immunity, and disease-control behavior. Methods: A structured narrative review approach was used to synthesize foundational and recent peer-reviewed literature on risk perception, crisis and emergency risk communication, community participation, Ebola response, COVID-19 response, vaccine confidence, health literacy, infodemic management, and biological concepts relevant to public health emergencies, including pathogen spread, immune protection, and outbreak-control measures. Fifty DOI-supported sources were selected and organized through thematic synthesis. Results: The synthesis identified six recurrent public health RCCE domains: trust and credibility; early transparent messaging; two-way community participation; culturally appropriate and health-literate communication; social listening and misinformation management; and institutionalization of RCCE in preparedness systems. Across these domains, a biological translation lens is needed so that scientific concepts such as modes of transmission, exposure risk, vaccination, variants, and immunity are converted into simple, culturally appropriate, and actionable community messages. Conclusion: RCCE should be treated as a core public health emergency-response capacity rather than a supporting activity. A professional RCCE system requires trained personnel, community partnerships before crises, real-time rumor tracking, inclusive message design, local feedback loops, transparent acknowledgement of uncertainty, and the ability to translate biological evidence into trusted public health action. Monitoring indicators should therefore be linked to behavioral, trust, equity, and disease-control outcomes.
Comparative Effectiveness of Novel Anticoagulants versus Warfarin in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation
Introduction: Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common sustained cardiac arrhythmia and is associated with a substantially increased risk of ischemic stroke and systemic embolism. Although warfarin has long been the standard oral anticoagulant for stroke prevention, its clinical use is limited by the need for regular monitoring, numerous drug and food interactions, and variable anticoagulant effects. Novel oral anticoagulants (NOACs) have emerged as effective alternatives with more predictable pharmacological profiles and improved safety. This study aimed to compare the effectiveness and safety of NOACs with warfarin in patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF). Methodology: A retrospective comparative cohort study was conducted involving 400 patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation, including 200 patients treated with NOACs and 200 treated with warfarin. Data were extracted from hospital medical records for patients managed between January 2021 and December 2024. The primary effectiveness outcome was a composite of ischemic stroke or systemic embolism, while the primary safety outcome was major bleeding. Continuous variables were compared using the independent-samples t-test, and categorical variables were analyzed using the Chi-square test. Time-to-event outcomes were evaluated using Kaplan–Meier survival analysis with comparisons performed using the log-rank test. Multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression analysis was used to identify independent predictors of clinical outcomes and estimate hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). A two-tailed p-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Patients receiving NOACs had significantly lower rates of ischemic stroke or systemic embolism than those receiving warfarin (5.0% vs. 12.0%; p = 0.012). Major bleeding was also significantly less frequent in the NOAC group (6.0% vs. 14.0%; p = 0.007). Furthermore, NOAC therapy was associated with significantly lower rates of intracranial hemorrhage, all-cause mortality, and hospitalization. Kaplan–Meier analysis demonstrated significantly higher event-free survival among patients receiving NOACs (log-rank p = 0.005). After adjustment for potential confounders, multivariable Cox regression analysis showed that NOAC therapy independently reduced the risk of adverse clinical outcomes compared with warfarin (HR = 0.48; 95% CI: 0.24–0.92; p = 0.028). Conclusion: Compared with warfarin, NOACs demonstrated superior effectiveness and safety in patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation. Their use was associated with significantly lower risks of thromboembolic events, major bleeding, intracranial hemorrhage, all-cause mortality, and hospitalization, supporting current recommendations that favor NOACs as the preferred oral anticoagulant therapy for most patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation.
Copyright (c) 2026 Rizwan Ali, Mateen Elahi, Matee Ullah, Manal Azhar, Hassaan Ud Din Khattak, Muhammad Islam Khan (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Design of a Sustainable Whey–Corn Hybrid Protein Powder for Enhanced Nutrition, Functionality, and Environmental Stewardship
The escalating global protein demand and the environmental burden of conventional animal-based production necessitate the development of sustainable and nutritionally balanced alternatives. This review explores the design of a novel hybrid protein powder integrating whey protein—renowned for its superior bioavailability and leucine richness—with corn protein, a sustainable plant-based source possessing the highest leucine concentration among cereals. The innovation lies in employing physical, chemical, and enzymatic crosslinking techniques to form a unified protein matrix with enhanced solubility, stability, and bioactivity, thereby overcoming the intrinsic limitations of individual proteins. The paper critically examines the nutritional rationale underpinning this combination, emphasizing essential and branched-chain amino acids vital for muscle metabolism. It further outlines the extraction and formulation methodologies for both whey and corn proteins, detailing strategies for achieving optimal functional and sensory properties. By merging the anabolic potency of whey with the sustainability and affordability of corn, this hybrid system offers a versatile and eco-efficient ingredient suitable for beverages, bakery products, and fortified foods. Overall, this work highlights hybrid protein technology as a promising pathway toward sustainable protein innovation and future global food security.
Copyright (c) 2025 Authors https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Chemistry Perspectives on Optimizing Drug Combinations in Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis Patients
Background: Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) poses a major global health challenge, requiring optimized drug combinations to improve outcomes. Objective: To evaluate pharmacological and pharmaceutical chemistry perspectives in optimizing MDR-TB regimens, focusing on therapeutic effectiveness, resistance reduction, and clinical outcomes. Methodology: A prospective observational study was conducted at Bumrungrad International Hospital, Thailand, in collaboration with Prince of Songkla University from January 2022 to December 2023. A total of 406 confirmed MDR-TB patients were enrolled. Data included demographics, comorbidities, therapeutic drug monitoring, pharmaceutical chemistry profiling, in vitro drug–drug interaction assays, and clinical outcomes. Statistical analyses included chi-square, t-tests, and multivariate logistic regression. Results: Of 406 patients, 243 (59.85%) were male and 163 (40.15%) female. Diabetes mellitus (21.92%) and HIV co-infection (6.65%) were significantly associated with poor outcomes (p < 0.001). Therapeutic drug monitoring showed optimal levofloxacin and bedaquiline levels in 73.40% and 79.80% of patients, respectively, both significantly linked to treatment success (p = 0.020 and p = 0.010). In vitro assays revealed synergy for levofloxacin–linezolid (62.81%) and linezolid–bedaquiline (57.14%). At six months, sputum culture conversion reached 84.00%, with overall treatment success in 78.82% (320/406). Early culture conversion (AOR 3.24, p < 0.001), absence of diabetes (AOR 2.11, p = 0.001), and adequate levofloxacin exposure (AOR 1.89, p = 0.004) were independent predictors of success. Adverse drug reactions occurred in 220 patients (54.19%), mostly gastrointestinal (21.18%) and neuropathy (12.81%), but only 3.45% required permanent drug withdrawal. Conclusion: Integrating pharmacological monitoring and pharmaceutical chemistry insights enhances regimen optimization and improves MDR-TB treatment outcomes.
Copyright (c) 2025 Iffat Ullah, Abdul Rauf , Pooja Chapagai (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
The Environmental Paradox of Nano bioinoculants: Balancing Agricultural Benefits Against Ecosystem Risks
Nanobioinoculants represent a groundbreaking innovation in sustainable agriculture, combining nanotechnology with microbial inoculants to enhance crop productivity, nutrient efficiency, and climate resilience. While these advanced formulations offer transformative benefits such as targeted nutrient delivery, reduced chemical dependency, and improved stress tolerance, their environmental safety remains a critical concern. This paper examines the dualistic nature of nanobioinoculants, balancing their agricultural advantages against potential ecological risks, including nanoparticle toxicity, soil microbiome disruption, and trophic transfer. We analyze current regulatory gaps and propose strategies for sustainable adoption, emphasizing eco-design principles, tiered risk assessment, and integrated policy frameworks. By advocating a Safe-by-Design approach, this work aims to guide responsible innovation, ensuring that nanobioinoculants contribute to food security without compromising ecosystem health.
Repurposing Prescription Medications for Alzheimer's Disease Treatment: Mechanisms, Evidence, and Clinical Implications, a Narrative Review
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia worldwide, with prevalence growing alongside life expectancy. The burden of disease on healthcare systems globally is on the rise, as current treatments have failed to mitigate its morbidity, and this remains a dire public health concern. AD is characterized by the hallmarks of β-amyloid plaque deposition and neurofibrillary tangles of hyperphosphorylated tau proteins. Clinical diagnosis relies on clinical presentation and a series of testable criteria. Current treatments primarily focus on symptom management, while trials are underway to develop pharmaceuticals that may reduce the production of amyloid plaques and tau proteins. Alternatives include the repurposing of drugs already on market for treatment of other diseases such as diabetes, hypertension, inflammation, depression, epilepsy, and hypercholesterolemia. Due to their approved use in the management of other diseases, already licensed compounds proceed through trials in a faster and more cost-effective manner than un-licensed compounds. The aim of this paper is to draw attention to already-licensed compounds currently on the market that may prove effective in treating Alzheimer’s disease.
Copyright (c) 2025 Natasha Elaine Hastings (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Penile Thread Tourniquet Syndrome: A Case Report and Review of Age-Related Variability
Penile Thread Tourniquet Syndrome (PTTS), a rare variant of Penile Tourniquet Syndrome (PTS), is a paediatric urological emergency characterized by external constriction of penis by hair or thread, often leading to necrosis, ischemia, and oedema. A urethro-cutaneous fistula, urethral transection, and penile amputation are possible outcomes of this disorder if left untreated. Though commonly reported in infants, this case details a rare occurrence in a 10-year-old male. A circumferential thread at the penoscrotal junction caused localized infection and oedema without urethral damage. Surgical intervention and conservative management resulted in a favourable outcome. This case emphasizes the need for clinical vigilance in atypical age groups and for rare causes of penile injury.
Copyright (c) 2025 Dr. Sadaqat Ullah, Dr. Jawad Khan, Dr. Attia Mahmood, Dr. Asifa Irfan, Dr. Aisha Habib (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Early Diagnostic Utility of Genexpert for the Detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Background: Tuberculosis (TB) remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, necessitating accurate and rapid diagnostic methods to improve early detection and treatment outcomes. Objective: To evaluate the diagnostic performance of the GeneXpert MTB/RIF assay compared with sputum smear microscopy in suspected pulmonary TB patients. Methodology: This was a descriptive, cross-sectional study conducted over a period of six months (January to June 2024) at THQ Hospital Jand, District Attock. This cross-sectional study was conducted on 150 patients with suspected pulmonary TB. Demographic and clinical data were recorded, and all participants underwent sputum smear microscopy and GeneXpert MTB/RIF testing. Smear microscopy was used as the reference standard to evaluate diagnostic performance in terms of sensitivity, specificity, predictive values, likelihood ratios, and accuracy. SPSS version 20 was used to analyze the data. Relationships between continuous variables were ascertained using the Pearson correlation coefficient. P-values less than 0.05 were deemed statistically significant. Results: The mean age of participants was 36.40 ± 17.12 years, with 74 (49.33%) males and 76 (50.67%) females. Most patients resided in rural areas (111; 74.0%) and were married (107; 71.33%), with farmers constituting the largest occupational group (94; 62.67%). Common symptoms included fatigue (140; 93.33%), chest pain (139; 92.67%), unintentional weight loss (137; 91.33%), and coughing up mucus or blood (117; 78.0%). GeneXpert detected TB in 123 (82.0%) patients compared to 85 (56.67%) by smear microscopy. Among smear-negative patients, GeneXpert identified 43 additional cases. The assay showed moderate diagnostic performance with strong agreement with smear microscopy. Conclusion: GeneXpert MTB/RIF assay offers a rapid and more sensitive alternative to smear microscopy, particularly beneficial for detecting smear-negative TB cases, thereby improving case detection in high-burden settings.
Copyright (c) 2025 Dr. Usman Aslam, Dr. Muhammad Shams ul Haq, Dr. Muhammad Yousuf, Dr. Aleena Batool, Dr. Usman Ali, Dr. Komal Zaman, Dr. Syed Muhammad Asif Shah (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Clinical Outcomes of CRISPR-Cas9 Mediated Gene Editing in Patients with Sickle Cell Disease: A Biotechnology-Based Therapeutic Approach
Introduction: Sickle cell disease (SCD) is a severe monogenic disorder with limited curative options beyond allogeneic stem cell transplantation. Objective: To evaluate the clinical efficacy and safety of CRISPR-Cas9 mediated gene editing in patients with SCD undergoing autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Methodology: This prospective, single-arm, open-label interventional clinical trial was conducted at the Department of Hematology and Clinical Biotechnology, The University of Lahore, in collaboration with the National Institute for Genomics & Advanced Biotechnology (NIGAB), a division of the National Agricultural Research Centre (NARC), Islamabad, from April 2022 to March 2024. A total of 42 patients aged 12–40 years with homozygous SCD underwent autologous transplantation following CRISPR-Cas9 mediated editing of either the HBB gene or BCL11A erythroid enhancer. Clinical, hematologic, molecular, and immunologic outcomes were assessed at baseline, 12 months, and 24 months. Data analysis included paired t-tests and repeated measures ANOVA. Results: The mean editing efficiency was 62.35% ± 9.42%. Hemoglobin levels improved from 7.42 ± 1.12 g/dL at baseline to 11.23 ± 1.07 g/dL at 24 months (p < 0.001), and reticulocyte counts decreased from 10.18 ± 2.45% to 3.94 ± 1.19% (p < 0.001). At 24 months, 92.31% achieved transfusion independence, 84.62% had a ≥90% reduction in vaso-occlusive crises, and 76.92% entered clinical remission. HbF levels >20% were maintained in 87.18% of patients, and sustained gene expression was observed in 94.87%. Multilineage hematopoietic reconstitution was confirmed via flow cytometry. No serious adverse events or deaths occurred during follow-up. Conclusion: CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing shows high efficacy, safety, and potential as a transformative therapy for SCD.
Copyright (c) 2025 Zahid Mehboob, Muhammad Hashim Raza, Mahwish Riaz, Umm E Habiba (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Assessing the Role of MC4R Gene Variants and Dietary Habits in the Development of Obesity among Adolescents
Introduction: Obesity among adolescents is a growing public health concern, influenced by both genetic predispositions and modifiable lifestyle factors such as diet. Objective: To assess the association between MC4R gene variants and dietary habits in the development of obesity among adolescents in Pakistan. Hypothesis: This study hypothesizes that the C allele of MC4R rs17782313 and unhealthy dietary habits may interact to increase the risk of obesity among adolescents. Methodology: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted from November 2023 to October 2024 at Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, including 260 adolescents aged 12–18 years. Convenience sampling was employed. Anthropometric data were collected, and body mass index (BMI) was calculated using WHO growth reference standards. Dietary patterns were assessed using a validated food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). The FFQ was pilot tested and adapted to the local population. Trained personnel collected anthropometric measurements using standardized protocols to minimize inter-observer variability. Saliva samples were genotyped for MC4R rs17782313 polymorphism using PCR-based methods at the Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, Lahore. Laboratory staff were blinded to participants’ obesity status. Genotyping call rates were 98.8%, and the genotype distribution was tested for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (p = 0.47). Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 26.0. Results: Of the 260 participants, 18.46% (n = 48) were obese and 21.54% (n = 56) were overweight. Genotypic distribution revealed 56.92% (n = 148) with TT, 30.00% (n = 78) with TC, and 13.08% (n = 34) with CC genotype. Obesity was present in 12.16% of TT, 25.64% of TC, and 29.41% of CC genotypes (p = 0.004). High fast food consumption (≥3 times/week) and daily intake of sugar-sweetened beverages were significantly associated with obesity (p < 0.01). Multivariate logistic regression adjusted for socioeconomic status, sleep duration, and screen time showed CC genotype (OR = 3.08), high fast food intake (OR = 2.97), and low physical activity (OR = 1.79) as independent predictors. The model fit was acceptable (Hosmer–Lemeshow p = 0.65; Nagelkerke R² = 0.38). Gene-diet interaction was tested using an interaction term in the logistic model. Conclusion: MC4R gene variants were associated with increased obesity prevalence in adolescents, especially in the presence of unhealthy dietary habits. Due to the cross-sectional nature of this study, causality cannot be inferred. Future prospective cohort studies are recommended to establish temporal relationships and validate these associations. These findings support the integration of genetic and lifestyle risk assessments for targeted obesity prevention strategies in youth.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ahmad Faraz, Muhammad Saqib Khan, Tipu Sultan Haider, Hafsa Khalil (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Luspatercept (REBLOZYL): A Game-Changer in Reducing Transfusion Burden for β-Thalassemia Patients
β-thalassemia is an inherited hemoglobinopathy with faulty β-globin chain production, leading to ineffective erythropoiesis and transfusion dependence in severe forms. Transfusion-dependent β-thalassemia (TDT) has been linked to iron overload, decreased quality of life, and long-term consequences despite supportive care such as iron chelation. Luspatercept, a recombinant fusion protein that acts on the TGF-β superfamily signaling pathway, has appeared as a new therapeutic intervention to decrease the transfusion burden by inducing late-stage erythroid maturation. Clinical trials, such as Phase I to III trials and the BELIEVE trial, have confirmed that luspatercept effectively reduces the transfusion burden and enhances health-related quality of life in TDT patients. Nevertheless, possible side effects like bone pain, thromboembolic events, and extramedullary hematopoiesis should be taken into account carefully. The therapy is also contraindicated among patients who have active EMH masses, and its safety during pregnancy has yet to be confirmed. Luspatercept also has the potential to treat other blood disorders such as MDS-RS. This Informative Letter emphasizes the changing role of luspatercept as a disease-modifying therapy in the management of β-thalassemia.
Copyright (c) 2025 Aman Advani, Saad Ahmed Mughal (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Vitamin D Deficiency and Its Association with Obesity Among Urban School-Aged Children in Pakistan: A Cross-Sectional Analysis
Introduction: Vitamin D deficiency and childhood obesity are growing public health concerns, particularly in urban populations where reduced sun exposure and sedentary lifestyles are common. Objective: To find out whether there is a link between low vitamin D levels and a higher risk of obesity in school-aged children in Islamabad. Methodology: This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted at the Department of Pediatrics, Maroof International Hospital, Islamabad, in collaboration with the Department of Bio-Sciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, over one year (April 2023–March 2024). A total of 186 children aged 6 to 12 years, residing in urban areas, were enrolled using a convenience sampling technique. Anthropometric measurements were recorded to calculate Body Mass Index (BMI), and serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] levels were assessed using chemiluminescence immunoassay. Vitamin D deficiency was defined as <20 ng/mL, and obesity was classified using WHO BMI percentiles. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 26, with chi-square and logistic regression tests applied. Results: Out of the 186 kids, 112 (60.22%) didn't get enough vitamin D, and 58 (31.18%) were considered fat. There was a strong link between not getting enough vitamin D and being overweight (p = 0.004). Out of the people who didn't get enough vitamin D, 45 (40.18%) were fat. In the group that did get enough vitamin D, just 13 (17.57%) were obese. After controlling for age, gender, socioeconomic level, and physical activity, logistic regression analysis showed that vitamin D insufficiency was an independent predictor of obesity (AOR: 2.91; 95% CI: 1.48–5.71; p = 0.002). Conclusion: Vitamin D deficiency is significantly associated with increased obesity risk among urban school-aged children and may be a modifiable factor in pediatric obesity prevention strategies.
Vitamin D deficiency, childhood obesity, urban children, BMI, Pakistan, risk factors
Copyright (c) 2025 Ghassan Zahid, NaqeebUllah Jogezai, Syed Hassan Ali Shah, Rabbia Allahrakha, Muhammad Kamran (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Effectiveness and Safety of Management Strategies for Cardiac Arrhythmias in Pregnancy: A Prospective Observational Study
Background: Cardiac arrhythmias during pregnancy pose significant risks to both maternal and fetal health, necessitating careful diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. Objective: To prospectively evaluate the management strategies and clinical outcomes of cardiac arrhythmias in pregnant women, focusing on the safety, effectiveness, and maternal-fetal implications of both pharmacologic and non-pharmacologic interventions. Methodology: A prospective observational study was conducted at the Department of Cardiology, Punjab Institute of Cardiology, Lahore, from July 2023 to June 2024. A total of 228 pregnant women diagnosed with cardiac arrhythmias were enrolled based on predefined inclusion criteria. Data were collected on demographics, arrhythmia type, diagnostic findings, management approaches, and maternal and fetal outcomes. Statistical analysis included Chi-square and t-tests with p < 0.05 considered significant. Results: Among the 228 participants, the most common arrhythmia was supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) (39.04%), followed by premature atrial contractions (18.42%) and premature ventricular contractions (15.35%). Pharmacologic management was used in 165 patients (72.37%), with beta-blockers being the most common (44.74%). Non-pharmacologic methods were used in 63 women (27.63%), including vagal maneuvers (17.98%) and electrical cardioversion (5.70%). Complete arrhythmia control was achieved in 174 women (76.32%), while 42 (18.42%) had moderate control, and 12 (5.26%) had recurrent episodes. Maternal complications included syncope (7.02%) and heart failure (3.95%). Fetal outcomes showed normal birth weight in 183 neonates (80.26%) and term delivery in 169 cases (74.12%). Two fetal deaths (0.88%) were reported. Conclusion: Arrhythmias in pregnancy can be effectively managed with a tailored, multidisciplinary approach, resulting in favorable maternal and fetal outcomes.
Cardiac arrhythmia, pregnancy, supraventricular tachycardia, fetal outcomes, beta-blockers, prospective study.
Copyright (c) 2025 Sajid Mumtaz, Taimoor Jawad, Arsalan Nadeem Qureshi, Muhammad Uzair, Muhammad Aqib (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Glycemic Control and Cardiovascular Risk in Type 2 Diabetics Using Metformin vs. Combination Therapy
Introduction: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a growing public health concern worldwide. While metformin is the first-line therapy, many patients require additional oral antidiabetic drugs (OADs) to achieve glycemic targets. Objective: To determine which is better at controlling blood sugar and lowering the risk of heart disease in people with type 2 diabetes: metformin monotherapy or combination treatment. Materials and Methods: The descriptive, cross-sectional research was conducted at the Department of Endocrinology at Jinnah Hospital in Lahore between February 2023 and January 2024. A total of 132 T2DM patients were enrolled using convenience sampling and divided into two groups: Group A (metformin only; n=62) and Group B (metformin plus OADs; n=70). Fasting blood glucose, HbA1c, blood pressure, and lipid profile were assessed. Independent samples t-tests were used to compare means between groups, with p<0.05 considered statistically significant. Results: Group B patients had far better blood sugar management than Group A patients. Their fasting blood sugar levels were 134.6 mg/dL compared to 144.2 mg/dL (p = 0.047), and their mean HbA1c levels were 7.36% compared to 7.94% (p = 0.002). Group B included 36 patients (51.43%) who were able to regulate their blood sugar levels (HbA1c <7%), whereas Group A had 18 patients (29.03%) who were able to do the same. In Group A, 39 patients (62.90%) and in Group B, 34 patients (48.57%) had dyslipidemia. There were 28 patients (45.16%) with high blood pressure in Group A and 29 patients (41.43%) in Group B. Conclusion: Combination therapy with metformin and other OADs was associated with better glycemic control compared to metformin monotherapy. However, no significant reduction in cardiovascular risk factors was observed. Further longitudinal studies are needed to explore long-term outcomes and safety, including hypoglycemia risk.
Copyright (c) 2025 Sehrish Jabeen, Anam, Fatima Abass, Syeda Aisha Aisha, Saba Khalid (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Assessment of Nigella sativa (Black Seed) Supplementation in Improving Asthma Control among Adolescents
Introduction: Asthma in adolescents presents unique challenges due to developmental, behavioral, and environmental factors. Objective: To assess the effectiveness of Nigella sativa (black seed) supplementation in improving asthma control among adolescents. Methodology: This randomized controlled trial was conducted from September 2023 to August 2024 at the International Islamic University, Islamabad, in collaboration with the Department of Pulmonology at Shifa International Hospitals, Islamabad. A total of 96 adolescents aged 12–18 years with partially controlled or uncontrolled asthma were enrolled. Participants were divided into two equal groups (n = 48 each). The intervention group received 500 mg Nigella sativa capsules twice daily for 12 weeks alongside standard asthma therapy, while the control group continued standard therapy alone. Forced Expiratory Volume in 1 second (FEV₁) and Forced Vital Capacity (FVC), Asthma Control Test (ACT) scores, adherence, and adverse events were measured. Allocation concealment was maintained using sealed opaque envelopes. Statistical analysis was conducted using SPSS 26, with p < 0.05 considered significant. Results: At baseline, both groups were comparable in age, gender, asthma duration, ACT scores, FEV₁, and FVC (p > 0.05). By Week 12, the Nigella sativa group showed a significant improvement in ACT scores from 16.3 ± 2.9 to 22.5 ± 2.2, compared to 16.5 ± 3.1 to 18.1 ± 3.0 in controls (mean difference: 4.4; 95% CI: 3.14–5.63; p < 0.001; Cohen’s d = 1.58). Similarly, FEV₁ increased from 71.85 ± 9.4% to 82.19 ± 8.1% in the intervention group versus 72.43 ± 8.7% to 74.02 ± 8.5% in controls (95% CI: 5.78–11.49; p < 0.001; d = 1.00). FVC also improved, rising from 78.26 ± 7.6% to 86.43 ± 6.9% in the Nigella group, versus 77.91 ± 7.9% to 79.16 ± 7.2% in controls (Δ = 7.27%; 95% CI: 5.27–9.48; p < 0.001; d = 1.08). Adherence was high (91.67%), and adverse effects were minimal and mild (6.25% gastrointestinal discomfort, 2.08% headache), comparable between groups (0.05). By Week 12, the Nigella sativa group showed a significant improvement in ACT scores from 16.3 ± 2.9 to 22.5 ± 2.2, compared to 16.5 ± 3.1 to 18.1 ± 3.0 in controls (mean difference: 4.4; 95% CI: 3.14–5.63; p < 0.001; Cohen’s d = 1.58). Similarly, FEV₁ increased from 71.85 ± 9.4% to 82.19 ± 8.1% in the intervention group versus 72.43 ± 8.7% to 74.02 ± 8.5% in controls (95% CI: 5.78–11.49; p < 0.001; d = 1.00). FVC also improved, rising from 78.26 ± 7.6% to 86.43 ± 6.9% in the Nigella group, versus 77.91 ± 7.9% to 79.16 ± 7.2% in controls (Δ = 7.27%; 95% CI: 5.27–9.48; p < 0.001; d = 1.08). Adherence was high (91.67%), and adverse effects were minimal and mild (6.25% gastrointestinal discomfort, 2.08% headache), comparable between groups. Conclusion: Nigella sativa supplementation significantly improved asthma control and lung function in adolescents with minimal side effects and high adherence.
Copyright (c) 2025 Syeda Rishal Areej, Muhammad Shafiq Khan, Muhammad Ghazanfar Javed Khan (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Efficacy of Ivy Leaf Extract Syrup in Managing Bronchial Asthma Among Children: A Prospective Observational Study
Background: Bronchial asthma is a common chronic respiratory disorder in children, and there is growing interest in exploring herbal therapies such as ivy leaf extract for symptom relief. Objective: To evaluate the clinical efficacy and safety of dry extract of ivy leaves in children aged 7 to 12 years diagnosed with mild to moderate bronchial asthma. Methodology: This prospective observational study was conducted at the Department of Pediatric Medicine, Pakistan Institute of Medical Science (PIMS), Islamabad, in collaboration with the International Islamic University, Islamabad, from August 2023 to July 2024. A total of 120 children with clinically stable bronchial asthma were enrolled using convenience sampling. All participants received a standardized dry ivy leaf extract syrup at a total daily dose of 105 mg, administered in age-appropriate doses for four weeks. Asthma symptoms were assessed using a standardized pediatric asthma control scoring tool at baseline and post-treatment. Adverse effects were monitored using structured checklists and open-ended questionnaires completed by caregivers. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 26.0, with paired t-tests to assess symptom changes. Results: The mean weekly frequency of daytime symptoms decreased from 4.58 ± 1.42 to 2.01 ± 1.18 (p<0.001), nocturnal awakenings reduced from 2.77 ± 1.11 to 1.05 ± 0.84 (p<0.001), and limitation in physical activity improved from 3.20 ± 1.03 to 1.35 ± 0.76 (p<0.001). Full compliance was observed in 108 (90.00%) patients. Adverse effects were minimal, with 84.17% reporting no issues. Conclusion: Dry ivy leaf extract appears to be an effective and well-tolerated adjunct treatment for symptom relief in pediatric bronchial asthma.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ana Maqbool , Muhammad Zakryya Khan, Sania Begum, Asia Kiran (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
In vitro Assessment of the Antiviral Activity of Medicinal Plant Extracts Against Dengue Virus Serotype 2 (DENV-2)
Background: Dengue virus infection remains a significant global health challenge with limited antiviral treatment options. Objective: To evaluate the antiviral potential of selected medicinal plant extracts against dengue virus serotype 2 (DENV-2) through phytochemical screening and in vitro assays. Methodology: This descriptive, in vitro experimental study was conducted over one year (August 2023–July 2024) at the University of Poonch Rawalakot. Ten medicinal plants traditionally used for febrile and viral illnesses in Pakistan were selected and authenticated. Plant extracts were prepared using methanol, ethanol, and aqueous solvents and screened for key phytochemicals including flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, saponins, and terpenoids. Cytotoxicity on Vero cells was assessed by MTT assay to determine CC₅₀ values. Non-toxic concentrations of extracts were evaluated for antiviral activity against DENV-2 using Plaque Reduction or Virus Yield Reduction Assays. IC₅₀ and Selectivity Index (SI) were calculated. Experiments were conducted in triplicate, and data analyzed using ANOVA with significance at p < 0.05. Results: All plants contained various bioactive compounds; Curcuma longa showed the richest phytochemical profile. Curcuma longa exhibited the highest safety (CC₅₀ = 455 µg/mL) and antiviral efficacy (IC₅₀ = 38.20 µg/mL) with an SI of 11.91 and 82.34% viral inhibition. Andrographis paniculata, Azadirachta indica, Nigella sativa, and Phyllanthus niruri also demonstrated significant antiviral activity with SI values above 6. Dose-dependent viral inhibition was confirmed for these top five extracts. Conclusion: Selected medicinal plants, particularly Curcuma longa, show promising antiviral activity against DENV-2 and merit further investigation for therapeutic development.
Copyright (c) 2025 Atta ur Rehman, Dr.Syed Anis Ali Jafri, Nasir Anwar , Syeda Okasha Javed (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Comparative Study of Oral versus Intravenous Iron Therapy in the Management of Iron Deficiency Anemia
Introduction: Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) is a common hematological disorder with significant health implications, especially in low-resource settings. It affects physical performance, cognition, and overall quality of life. Objective: To compare the hematologic response, iron store repletion, symptom improvement, and adverse effects of oral versus intravenous iron therapy in patients with IDA. Methodology: From 10 March 2023 to 10 March 2024, a 12-month comparative A cross-sectional study was conducted at the Lady Reading Hospital's Department of Medicine in Peshawar. Two groups of 136 patients with proven IDA were randomly assigned to receive oral ferrous sulfate (Group A) and intravenous iron sucrose (Group B). Over the course of eight weeks, hematologic and biochemical markers, symptom improvement, and side effects were evaluated. SPSS version 25 was employed to examine the information using chi-square and t-tests. Results: At 8 weeks, Group B showed a significantly higher increase in hemoglobin(12.4 ± 1.2 g/dL) than Group A (10.7 ± 1.3 g/dL) (p < 0.001). Ferritin and transferrin saturation were also higher in Group B (110.6 ± 18.4 ng/mL, 34.5 ± 6.2%) than in Group A (29.8 ± 9.2 ng/mL, 18.7 ± 4.5%) (p < 0.001). Fatigue improved in 86.8% vs. 57.4%, pallor in 80.9% vs. 48.5%, and dyspnea in 77.9% vs. 44.1%. GI side effects like nausea (30.9% vs. 5.9%) were more common in the oral group. Conclusion: Intravenous iron therapy is more effective and better tolerated than oral iron for the treatment of IDA, offering faster hematologic recovery and greater symptom improvement.
Copyright (c) 2025 Dr. Saifullah Chan, Dr. Usman Khalil, Hamdan Khan, Dr. Fakhar Zaman, Sheharyar Khalid Rahim, Dr. Abdul Samad (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Prevalence and Clinical Implications of BRCA1 and BRCA2 Mutations in Breast and Ovarian Cancer Among Pakistani Women
Background: Major causes of hereditary breast and ovarian cancers are mutations in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes, especially affecting cancer type, onset, and prognosis. Objective: To investigate the frequency and clinical correlations of BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations among breast and ovarian cancer patients, as well as individuals with strong family histories, in a Pakistani population. Methodology: This observational cross-sectional study was conducted in the Department of Medical Laboratory Technology at the University of Sialkot. Using a practical sampling technique, 168 female participants—including those with a substantial family history and diagnosed breast and ovarian cancer sufferers—were gathered. Blood or tissue samples were first stripped of DNA, then subjected to PCR and sequencing to identify BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations. SPSS version 25 was used to analyze data; significance was defined at p <0.05. Results: Among breast cancer patients, 17.65% had BRCA1 and 11.76% had BRCA2 mutations. In ovarian cancer patients (n=43), 25.58% had BRCA1 and 18.60% had BRCA2 mutations. BRCA1 mutations were more frequent in younger age groups (25.00% in 18–30 years), and were significantly associated with triple-negative tumors (53.13%). BRCA2 mutations were more often found in hormone receptor-positive tumors (50.00%). A strong family history of breast cancer was observed in over 60% of BRCA mutation carriers. Conclusion: BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations are prevalent in Pakistani breast and ovarian cancer patients and are closely linked to age at diagnosis, tumor subtype, and family history.
Copyright (c) 2025 Tahrim Zafar, Zeeshan Asghar , Urooj Liaqat , Saira Zafar, Areeba Khan, Muqadas Naseer (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Assessing the Efficacy of Plant-Based Diets in Managing Type 2 Diabetes and Cardiovascular Health
Background: The purpose of this research was to evaluate how well plant-based diets may improve cardiovascular health and manage Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM). Methods: A 12-month randomized controlled experiment with 156 T2DM subjects was carried out at KTH Peshawar. A control group (n=78) and a plant-based diet group (n=78) were randomly allocated to the participants. Changes in HbA1c, fasting blood glucose, blood pressure, lipid profiles, and C-reactive protein (CRP) were among the primary outcomes. The SF-36 questionnaire was used to assess quality of life. Chi-square and t-tests were used in the statistical analysis. Results: In comparison to the control group, the plant-based diet group demonstrated significant reductions in LDL cholesterol “(-19.2 mg/dL vs. -5.4 mg/dL; p<0.01), fasting blood glucose (-22.7 mg/dL vs. -10.3 mg/dL; p<0.01), systolic blood pressure (-11.5 mmHg vs. -5.3 mmHg; p<0.01), diastolic blood pressure (-7.8 mmHg vs. -2.7 mmHg; p<0.01), LDL cholesterol (-19.2 mg/dL vs. -5.4 mg/dL; p<0.01), and CRP (-1.4 mg/L vs. -0.4 mg/L; p<0.01)” were all significantly lower in the plant-based diet group. The plant-based group had a substantial rise in HDL cholesterol (+6.5 mg/dL vs. +2.3 mg/dL; p<0.01). In the categories of vitality, general health, and physical functioning, the plant-based group's quality of life ratings increased considerably (p<0.05). Conclusion: For those with type 2 diabetes, plant-based diets considerably enhance glycemic management, cardiovascular health indicators, inflammatory markers, and quality of life. These results provide credence to the use of plant-based dietary approaches in the treatment of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease.
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, Plant-Based Diet, Cardiovascular Health, Glycemic Control, Randomized Controlled Trial, Inflammatory Markers, Quality of Life
Copyright (c) 2024 Afiyat Ahmad, Saeed Anwar, Usama Altaf, Syeda Maimoona Batool, Muhammad Abubakar, Tariq Khan (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Comparative Study of Proton Pump Inhibitors versus H2 Blockers in Peptic Ulcer Disease Management
Introduction: Peptic ulcer disease (PUD) is one of the common GI disorders where the disorder requires good acid suppression to mitigate the symptoms and heal the mucosa. Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) and H2 receptor antagonists (H2RAs) are known, broadly used treatments, and their preferable clinical performances need additional research. Objective: In order to compare the efficacy of PPIs and H2RAs in the treatment of PUD with respect to symptom relief, ulcer healing, and prevention. Methodology: This comparative study was carried out at Hayatabad Medical Complex, Peshawar and a 12-month period was taken in this study. Out of a total of 210 patients with endoscopically confirmed PUD, patients were randomly assigned to two groups: the large control group designated (A) PPIs (n=105) and the other large group designated (B) H2RAs (n=105). Demographics, type of ulcer, presence of Helicobacter pylori, symptom scores (GSRS), healed outcomes, and recurrence were data collected. The statistical analysis was performed in SPSS version 26, and chi-square and t-tests were used. The value p < 0.05 was taken to be statistically significant. Results: There were no differences in baseline characteristics between groups (p > 0.05). At 6 weeks, the percentage of patients with reports of symptom relief was much greater in the PPI group (mean GSRS reduction: 9.6 vs. 7.2; p < 0.001). PPIs had a higher proportion of ulcer healing (89.5% vs. 72.4%; p = 0.002). The rate of recurrence at 3 months was lower in the PPI group (4.8% vs. 16.2%; p = 0.006). Adverse effects were minimal and comparable in the study groups. Conclusion: PPIs are much more effective than H2RAs in the treatment of PUD, providing improved symptom control, greater rates of healing, and reduced recurrence.
Copyright (c) 2025 Urooba Misbah, Hafiz Dr Shoaib Ahmad , Muhammad Salman, Rida Ahmed , Anam Qazi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Smart Farming Technologies: AI-Driven Crop Monitoring and Precision Agronomy
The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) into agriculture marks a significant advancement in addressing the global challenges of food security, resource efficiency, and climate resilience. This narrative review explores the role of AI-driven technologies in crop monitoring and precision agronomy, focusing on their applications, benefits, and challenges. AI-powered systems, such as machine learning models and computer vision algorithms, are increasingly used to analyze data from remote sensing, drones, and IoT-based soil sensors for early detection of crop stress, disease, and environmental fluctuations. These insights enable site-specific interventions and real-time decision-making, contributing to higher yields and more sustainable resource use. The review highlights case studies from both developed and developing regions, illustrating the practical impact of AI platforms in optimizing sowing dates, irrigation, fertilization, and pest control. Despite their transformative potential, challenges persist, including limited data quality, high infrastructure costs, low technological literacy among farmers, and concerns about data ownership and privacy. Furthermore, the environmental footprint of digital agriculture and issues of interoperability remain pressing concerns. Future directions emphasize the development of advanced AI models, autonomous machinery, and the integration of genomics and AI for accelerated crop improvement. Equally important are supportive policy frameworks and inclusive digital strategies to ensure equitable access to smart farming technologies. Overall, AI stands as a pivotal tool for reshaping agriculture into a more intelligent, sustainable, and resilient system.
Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Gastrointestinal Efficacy of Omeprazole in Patients with Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease
Introduction: Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) poses a significant global health burden, necessitating effective treatment strategies. Proton pump inhibitors, particularly omeprazole, are commonly prescribed for GERD management. However, comprehensive investigations into the gastrointestinal efficacy of omeprazole, considering symptom duration, frequency, severity, and quality of life improvements, are warranted. Methodology: This randomized controlled trial aimed to systematically investigate the gastrointestinal efficacy of omeprazole in individuals diagnosed with GERD. Following CONSORT guidelines, the study enrolled 180 adult participants to evaluate how omeprazole influenced the duration, frequency, and severity of symptoms, along with its impact on health-related quality of life. Adults aged 25 to 65 with GERD were randomly assigned to either the omeprazole intervention or control group. The intervention group received a standardized daily dose of 20 mg oral omeprazole over a four-week period. Baseline characteristics, including age, gender, BMI, smoking status, comorbidities, and dietary habits, were thoroughly examined. Continuous monitoring of daily vital signs and adverse events was implemented to ensure safety and tolerability. Results: The study revealed a significantly shorter mean duration of GERD symptoms in the omeprazole group (5.2 ± 1.3 days) compared to the control group (7.8 ± 1.5 days), emphasizing the rapid relief provided by omeprazole (p < 0.001). Efficacy analysis demonstrated a remarkable reduction in symptom frequency (92% vs. 65%, p < 0.001) and severity (p < 0.001) in the omeprazole group. Health-related quality of life significantly improved in the omeprazole group, as reflected in the GERD-QOL scores (p < 0.001). Conclusion: This trial provides robust evidence supporting the gastrointestinal efficacy of omeprazole in managing GERD symptoms. The rapid relief, significant reductions in symptom frequency and severity, and improvement in health-related quality of life underscore the clinical relevance of omeprazole. The study contributes valuable insights to GERD management and informs future research directions.
Copyright (c) 2024 Dr. Muhammad Afnan, Dr. Palwasha Akbar, Dr. Muhammad Muttahir, Dr. Hamza Ali Shah, Dr. Adil Saeed, Dr. Alsa Rustum (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Impact of Vitamin D Supplementation on Heart Failure Outcomes in Vitamin D Deficient Patients
Background: Heart failure (HF) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality, with emerging evidence suggesting a link between vitamin D deficiency and adverse heart failure outcomes. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the impact of vitamin D supplementation on heart failure outcomes in vitamin D-deficient patients and explore the broader public health implications of these findings. Methodology: The observational cohort study was conducted over a one-year period from January 2023 to December 2023, involving 220 adults aged 40 years and older with diagnosed heart failure and confirmed vitamin D deficiency (serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D <20 ng/mL). Over the course of a year, participants were randomized to receive either a placebo or 2000 IU of vitamin D3 daily. At baseline, three, six, and twelve months, information was gathered on hospitalizations, heart failure status, serum vitamin D levels, demographics, and quality of life. Descriptive statistics, t-tests, and chi-square tests were among the statistical analyses. Results: The vitamin D group experienced a considerable rise in serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels, which went from 17.37 ± 3.62 ng/mL to 35.18 ± 7.13 ng/mL (p < 0.001). Compared to 8 out of 110 patients (7.27%) in the placebo group, 25 out of 110 patients (22.73%) in the vitamin D group achieved Class I status, indicating an improvement in NYHA Class (p = 0.013). At 12 months, the vitamin D group's hospitalization rate dropped to 3 out of 110 patients (2.73%) from 10 out of 110 patients (9.09%) in the placebo group (p = 0.028). By the 12-month mark, the vitamin D group's quality of life scores had significantly improved to 75.68 ± 8.93, whereas the placebo group's scores were much lower at 56.52 ± 10.54. Conclusion: Vitamin D supplementation has the potential to be used as an adjuvant therapy in the management of heart failure since it dramatically improves clinical outcomes in individuals with vitamin D-deficient heart failure.
heart failure, vitamin D, supplementation, clinical outcomes, quality of life.
Copyright (c) 2024 Awais Ahmed Uttra, Hafiz Muhammad Abdullah (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0