Maternal and Neonatal Implications of Primigravida: A Review of Physical, Psychological, and Social Perspectives

Abstract

First-time pregnancy, or primigravida, is a pivotal period marked by significant physiological, psychological, and social adjustments, with critical implications for maternal and neonatal outcomes. Physiologically, primigravida women are at increased risk of complications such as nausea, fatigue, anemia, gestational diabetes, and preeclampsia, which may have both short- and long-term health consequences. Psychologically, first-time mothers experience heightened levels of anxiety, mood fluctuations, and prenatal depression, particularly in adolescents or women with limited social support. Lifestyle and social changes, including disruption of daily routines, employment stress, and altered family dynamics, further contribute to maternal stress and influence care-seeking behaviors. Nutritional inadequacies and reduced physical activity during pregnancy exacerbate health risks for both mother and child. Timely access to quality antenatal care, improved health literacy, and maternal empowerment are critical in mitigating adverse outcomes. This review highlights the interconnected physical, psychological, and social factors affecting first-time pregnancy and underscores the need for comprehensive maternal health interventions, particularly for adolescent and underserved populations.